Influence of PEG-12 Dimethicone addition on stability and formation of emulsions containing liquid crystal

Oil/water emulsions, containing liquid crystals, were developed employing Andiroba oil, PEG-12 Dimethicone and Crodafos CES. It was evaluated the influence of silicone surfactants on the emulsions stability and on the formation of liquid crystalline phases and therefore, physicochemical characteristics, such as rheology and zeta potential, were evaluated. Emulsions were prepared by the emulsions phase inversion method. All the formulations presented lamellar liquid crystalline phases. The PEG-12 Dimethicone addition did not change microscopically the liquid crystalline phases. The emulsions containing silicone demonstrated lower viscosity than those without the additive. This is an important feature, as the silicone did not change the rheological profile; however, the addition of silicone still can be used as a viscosity controller. The formulations had their viscosity increased 15 and 150 days after their preparation. This characteristic shows that the emulsions have their organization increased along the storing time. In the analysis of zeta potential, we could verify that all formulations presented negative values between -39.7 and -70.0 mV. Within this range of values, the emulsion physical stability is high (Fig. 10). It was concluded that the addition of PEG-12 Dimethicone kept the liquid crystalline phase of the emulsion obtained with Crodafos CES, influencing in a positive way in the system stability.     

Review on the Stability Mechanism and Application of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions Encapsulating Various Additives

Water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions can be used to encapsulate and control the release of bioactive compounds for nutrition fortification in fat‐based food products. However, long‐term stabilization of W/O emulsions remains a challenging task in food science and thereby limits their potential application in the food industry. To develop high‐quality emulsion‐based food products, it is essential to better understand the factors that affect the emulsions’ stability. In real food system, the stability situation of W/O emulsions is more complicated by the fact that various additives are contained in the products, such as NaCl, sugar, and other large molecular additives. The potential stability issues of W/O emulsions caused by these encapsulated additives are a current concern, and special attention should be given to the relevant theoretical knowledge. This article presents several commonly used methods for the preparation of W/O emulsions, and the roles of different additives (water‐ and oil‐soluble types) in stabilizing W/O emulsions are mainly discussed and illustrated to gain new insights into the stability mechanism of emulsion systems. In addition, the review provides a comprehensive and state‐of‐art overview of the potential applications of W/O emulsions in food systems, for example, as fat replacers, controlled‐release platforms of nutrients, and delivery carrier systems of water‐soluble bioactive compounds. The information may be useful for optimizing the formulation of W/O emulsions for utilization in commercial functional food products.     

Recent advances in emulsion-based delivery approaches for curcumin: From encapsulation to bioaccessibility

BackgroundCurcumin has been widely acknowledged for its health-promoting effects. However, its application is often limited by its poor water solubility and biochemical/structural degradation during physiological transit that restricts its bioavailability. Emulsion based approaches have attracted the most research attention to encapsulate curcumin and improve its stability, bioaccessibility and bioavailability.Scope and approachThis review summarizes the recent advances in application of different oil-in-water emulsion-based approaches, such as, conventional emulsions (surfactants-, protein- and protein-polysaccharide-stabilized emulsions), nanoemulsions, and Pickering emulsions that have been specifically used to deliver curcumin. Particular emphasis is given to factors affecting curcumin solubility, change in crystalline structure of curcumin upon dispersion and encapsulation efficiency. Changes in the droplet size and emulsion stability during in vitro oral-to-gastrointestinal digestion are discussed, with clear focus on the bioaccessibility of the encapsulated curcumin.Key findings and conclusionsKey factors that influence curcumin delivery include emulsion droplet size, oil composition, volume fraction, dispersion conditions of curcumin in the oil phase and the type of interfacial materials. Nanoemulsions have been the preferred choice for delivery of curcumin up to now. Although scarce in literature, emulsions stabilized by edible Pickering particles as shown by recent evidence are effective in protecting curcumin in an in vitro gastrointestinal setting due to their high coalescence stability. Further studies with emulsions stabilized by food-grade particles and accurate tracking of the physiological fate (in vitro to human trials) of different emulsion-based delivery vehicles are essential for rational designing of curcumin-rich functional foods with high bioaccessibility.     

Rheology of siloxane-stabilized water in silicone emulsions

Using silicone copolymers in personal care products can improve the aesthetic performance of formulations. During their manufacture, distribution and topical application they are subject to various mechanical stresses. In this study rheology was used to measure their effects. A number of water in silicone (w/Si) emulsions were prepared in which the oil phase consisted of cyclomethicone. The surfactant used was a branched type silicone copolymer. Both viscoelastic and viscometry measurement were performed on model systems and on commercial products. Experimental data were obtained using a Bohlin rheometer. The measurements were taken applying shear rates in the range of 0.46-58 l s-1 and for the strain sweep frequencies of 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz and 10 Hz were applied. Oscillation tests were performed in the 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz range. All measurements were taken at 35deg;C, representing the approximate temperature encountered during topical application. The effect of surfactant concentration on viscoelastic properties was examined. It was shown that with increasing surfactant concentration the elastic moduli G' and the viscous moduli G" increased. Furthermore, the emulsions showed a transition from a predominantly elastic to a predominantly viscous response as the surfactant concentration increased. The effect of varying the water phase volume fraction on viscometry and viscoelastic measurements was also examined. With increasing water phase volume fraction the viscosity of the emulsions, as well as the yield stress, increased. The Cross and Sisko models were applied. From the Dougherty and Krieger equation phieff was calculated. It was found the the data derived from the Sisko model gave more reliable results. Results obtained from commercial samples showed a high proportion of elasticity; oscillation tests and viscometry experiments suggested that tumbling had the biggest impact on the theological profiles; viscosity, eta, shear stress, sigma, elastic module, G', and dynamic viscosity, eta', dropped to a minimum in these samples. Results from the two commercial samples were compared and it was observed that, although both were w/o emulsions, different rheological behaviour could be observed.     

明胶基乳液的流变学特性及其对煎炸食品的应用

考察基于不同明胶添加量的乳液的流变学特性,并结合模型进行微观流变学分析,利用光学显微镜进一步探究其稳定性,通过其在饼类物质上涂覆煎炸探究其食品应用。研究发现明胶基乳液均为假塑性流体（n＜1）且具有剪切稀化现象;乳液具有较高黏度、储能模量G’和损耗模量G’’,其网络结构较强;乳液具有一定温度依赖性、优良触变性（恢复率69.6%）,稳定性较高;同时荧光正置显微镜观察表明乳液粒径较小且均匀,进一步验证其高稳定性。用乳液和大豆油对手抓饼进行煎炸实验,对质构特性和感官评分进行差异显著性分析发现,明胶基乳液“固态油”有效地提高了手抓饼的脆值和咀嚼性。因此明胶基乳液适合作为“固态油”替代食用油,食品成型时可以涂覆至食品表面并直接包装成速食食品,方便市场售卖和消费者直接煎炸食用。     

Ability of whey protein isolate and/or fish gelatin to inhibit physical separation and lipid oxidation in fish oil-in-water beverage emulsion

The effect of pH on the capability of whey protein isolate (WPI) and fish gelatin (FG), alone and in conjugation, to form and stabilize fish oil-in-water emulsions was examined. Using layer-by-layer interfacial deposition technique for WPI–FG conjugate, a total of 1% protein was used to prepare 10% fish oil emulsions. The droplets size distributions and electrical charge, surface protein concentration, flow and dynamic rheological properties and physiochemical stability of emulsions were characterize at two different pH of 3.4 and 6.8 which were selected based on the ranges of citrus and milk beverages pHs, respectively. Emulsions prepared with WPI–FG conjugate had superior physiochemical stability compare to the emulsions prepared with individual proteins. Higher rate of coalescence was associated with reduction in net charge and consequent decrease of the repulsion between coated oil droplets due to the proximity of pH to the isoelectric point of proteins. The noteworthy shear thinning viscosity, as an indication of flocculation onset, was associated with whey protein stabilized fish oil emulsion prepared at pH of 3.4 and gelatin stabilized fish oil emulsion made at pH of 6.8. At pH 3.4, it appeared that lower surface charge and higher surface area of WPI stabilized emulsions promoted lipid oxidation and production of hexanal.     

Inhibition of Ostwald ripening in model beverage emulsions by addition of poorly water soluble triglyceride oils

Beverage emulsions containing flavor oils that have a relatively high water-solubility are unstable to droplet growth due to Ostwald ripening. The aim of this study was to improve the stability of model beverage emulsions to this kind of droplet growth by incorporating poorly water-soluble triglyceride oils. High pressure homogenization was used to prepare a series of 5 wt% oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by modified starch that had different lipid phase compositions (orange oil : corn oil). Emulsions prepared using only orange oil as the lipid phase were highly unstable to droplet growth during storage, which was attributed to Ostwald ripening resulting from the relatively high water-solubility of orange oil. Droplet growth could be effectively inhibited by incorporating ≥ 10% corn oil into the lipid phase prior to homogenization. In addition, creaming was also retarded because the lipid phase density was closer to that of the aqueous phase density. These results illustrate a simple method of improving the physical stability of orange oil emulsions for utilization in the food, beverage, and fragrance industries.     

Stabilization of soybean oil body emulsions using κ, ι, λ-carrageenan at different pH values

Oil bodies, with their unique structural proteins, oleosins, are known to be useful in foods and other emulsion systems. The influence of ??, ??, and ??-carrageenans on the stability of soybean oil body emulsions at different pH values (pH 3, 4, 5 and 7) was investigated by particle electrical charge, particle size distribution, creaming stability and confocal laser scanning microscopy measurements. In acidic environment (pH 3, 4 and 5), the droplet charge of soybean oil body emulsions stabilized with carrageenan decreased with increasing carrageenan concentration for all types of carrageenan investigated, suggesting their adsorption to the oil body droplet surfaces. Extensive droplet aggregation and creaming were observed in the emulsions stabilized with ??-carrageenan at pH 3 and 5, indicating that soybean oil body droplets were bridged by carrageenan. At pH 7, there was no significant change in the droplet charge of soybean oil body emulsions stabilized with three types of carrageenan, but the emulsions stabilized with ??-carrageenan were more stable to creaming due to depletion flocculation than the emulsions stabilized with ?? or ??-carrageenan after seven days storage. The probable reason was that ??-carrageenan, which had the most densely charged helical structure, was most effective at creating highly charged interfacial membranes, thus reducing the depletion flocculation to occur.     

Oil-in-water emulsions as a delivery system for n-3 fatty acids in meat products

The oxidative and physical stabilities of oil-in-water emulsions containing n-3 fatty acids (25 wt.% oil, 2.5 wt.% whey protein, pH 3.0 or pH 6.0), and their subsequent incorporation into meat products were investigated. The physical stability of fish oil emulsions was excellent and neither coalescence nor aggregation occurred during storage. Oxidative stability was better at pH 6.0 compared to pH 3.0 likely due to antioxidative continuous phase proteins. Incorporation of fish oil emulsions into pork sausages led to an increase in oxidation compared to sausages without the added fish oil emulsion. Confocal microscopy of pork sausages with fish oil emulsions revealed that droplets had coalesced in the meat matrix over time which may have contributed to the decreased oxidative stability. Results demonstrate that although interfacial engineering of n-3 fatty acids containing oil-in-water emulsions provides physical and oxidative stability of the base-emulsion, their incorporation into complex meat matrices is a non-trivial undertaking and products may incur changes in quality over time.     

基于食品级胶体颗粒稳定Pickering乳液的研究进展

Pickering乳液是一种以固体颗粒为乳化剂制成的乳液。与常规乳液相比,Pickering乳液具有潜在的优越性,其良好的物理稳定性可有效防止液滴聚结。本文主要综述了影响Pickering乳液稳定性的各类因素以及稳定Pickering乳液的各类食品级胶体颗粒。Pickering颗粒的高密度可以帮助调整高糖高密度的连续相和低密度芳香油之间的密度差异,保证体系的稳定,Pickering乳液还可以在乳液形成之后发生改性,为乳液带来更多功能。Pickering乳液是食品乳液工程研究中一种有前途的研究物质,对食品乳液的研发和加工将有其独特的推动作用。     

INFLUENCE OF EGG YOLK LIPOPROTEINS ON THE RHEOLOGY AND STABILITY OF O/W EMULSIONS AND MAYONNAISE 1. VISCOELASTICITY OF GROUNDNUT OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS AND MAYONNAISE

Viscoelastic properties of groundnut oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by egg yolk and of mayonnaise have been deduced from their creep compliance-time response to a constant low shear stress. The viscoelastic parameter values, emulsion stability and initial mean drop size were influenced by pH and NaCl, due to disruption of the egg yolk components. When carboxymethylcellulose was incorporated in the continuous phase of the O/W emulsions an egg yolk-carboxymethylcellulose complex was formed and this affected the rheological properties of the emulsions and also their stability. Mayonnaises exhibited more pronounced viscoelasticity and greater stability than the O/W emulsions. At elevated temperature the micelles adsorbed around oil drops degrade. Their lipoprotein structure unfolds so that more segments on adjacent drops are then available for interlinking and network formation.     

Emulsion design for the delivery of β-carotene in complex food systems

β-Carotene has been widely investigated both in the industry and academia, due to its unique bioactive attributes as an antioxidant and pro-vitamin A. Many attempts were made to design delivery systems for β-carotene to improve its dispersant state and chemical stability, and finally to enhance the functionality. Different types of oil-in-water emulsions were proved to be effective delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive ingredients, and intensive studies were performed on β-carotene emulsions in the last decade. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable, and emulsions with intact structures are preferable in delivering β-carotene during processing and storage. β-Carotene in emulsions with smaller particle size has poor stability, and protein-type emulsifiers and additional antioxidants are effective in protecting β-carotene from degradation. Recent development in the design of protein-polyphenol conjugates has provided a novel approach to improve the stability of β-carotene emulsions. When β-carotene is consumed, its bioaccessibility is highly influenced by the digestion of lipids, and β-carotene in smaller oil droplets containing long-chain fatty acids has a higher bioaccessibility. In order to better deliver β-carotene in complex food products, some novel emulsions with tailor-made structures have been developed, e.g., multilayer emulsions, solid lipid particles, Pickering emulsions. This review summarizes the updated understanding of emulsion-based delivery systems for β-carotene, and how emulsions can be better designed to fulfill the benefits of β-carotene in functional foods.     

纤维素稳定Pickering乳液的研究进展及在食品领域的应用

纤维素作为一种可再生资源,具有来源广泛、绿色环保、可生物降解性、生物相容性等优点。研究发现,由固体颗粒作为稳定剂制备的乳液较传统表面活性剂稳定的乳液具有更高的稳定性,而纤维素凭借其生物相容性、来源广、绿色环保等优点,成为一种良好的Pickering乳液稳定剂,同时纤维素作为一种天然的可食用膳食纤维,在食品领域中具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述不同种类纤维素稳定Pickering乳液的特点,介绍不同处理方式赋予纳米纤维素稳定Pickering乳液不同的性能,并对纳米纤维素基乳液在制备食品级高分子材料、制备新型低热量食品、输送生物活性物质及辅助消化等食品领域的应用进行叙述,为拓宽纤维素基Pickering乳液应用提供参考。     

Oxidative stability of olive oil–lemon juice salad dressings stabilized with polysaccharides

Lipid oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration in food emulsions. Polysaccharides used to improve emulsion stability and texture may also affect lipid oxidation. In the present study, the oxidative stability of olive oil–lemon juice salad dressings, stabilized with gum arabic or propylene glycol alginate in admixture with xanthan, was investigated. Oil-in-water emulsions (50:50, v/v) were prepared with lemon juice and extra virgin olive oil and then homogenized at various homogenization rates to form different particle sizes. Keepability was followed by storing at room temperature for 6–8 months and measuring the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. The shelf life was compared to that of the bulk olive oil. It was shown that the polysaccharides had the ability to inhibit lipid oxidation, probably due to their amphiphilic character (gum arabic and propylene glycol alginate) as well as their ability to induce viscosity increase. Olive oil–lemon juice emulsions were also assessed for consumer acceptance. The panellists were asked to smell the samples and rate them according to rancidity using a four-point (1 = no perception, 4 = extreme) intensity scale. The results were in accordance to those of chemical analysis. Lipid oxidation was not affected by the oil droplet size, as demonstrated by peroxide value measurements and sensory evaluation.     

常用染料助剂的检测与分析

结合实践经验,阐述了常用染料和助剂的检测步骤及要点;介绍了活性、分散染料的染色检验方法和助剂的固体质量分数、离子性、硅乳的含油量、含氢量和稳定性的检测方法.     

Polar lipid fraction from oat (Avena sativa): characterization and use as an o/w emulsifier

Oat seeds have an oil content of up to 13?%, of which up to 34?% can be polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids). Because of their amphiphilic structure, these polar lipids are potential emulsifiers. In this study, polar lipid fraction from oat produced by a supercritical fluid extraction process was fractionated into different polar lipid classes by HPLC and the lipid classes in subfractions were identified by comparing retention times with reference compounds and performing co-injections. The oat polar lipid fraction contained monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, steryl glycoside, and phosphatidyl choline, and also possibly phosphatidyl inositol. The polar lipid fraction was also used as an emulsifier to produce oil-in-water emulsions with different amounts of emulsifier and oil, and the stability and other properties of emulsions were studied. Emulsions were formed quite easily, but they were prone to rapid creaming even after a couple of days of storage at ambient conditions. Droplet size and droplet size distribution of the emulsions seemed to be slightly smaller with smaller amount of oil and larger amount of emulsifier. Generally, the droplet size of the emulsions was in the range of 0.2?C4???m, and with the largest amount of oil (5?%, w/v) up to 10???m. The upper phase of creamed emulsions contained slightly larger droplets, up to 30???m, while the lower phase retained smaller droplets. Microscopic investigation revealed that the increase in droplet size of the upper phase was mainly due to aggregation, which implies that these emulsions may be stable against coalescence to some extent.     

Crosslinking of interfacial layers in multilayered oil-in-water emulsions using laccase: Characterization and pH-stability

The enzymatic crosslinking of polymer layers adsorbed at the interface of oil-in-water emulsions was investigated. A sequential two step process, based on the electrostatic deposition of pectin onto a fish gelatin interfacial membrane was used to prepare emulsions containing oil droplets stabilized by fish gelatin-beet pectin membranes (citrate buffer, 10 mM, pH 3.5). First, a fine dispersed primary emulsion (5% soybean oil (w/v), 1% (w/w) gelatin solution) (citrate buffer, 10 mM, pH 3.5) was produced using a high pressure homogenizer. Second, a series of secondary emulsions were formed by diluting the primary emulsion into pectin solutions (0 - 0.4% (w/w)) to coat the droplets. Oil droplets of stable emulsions with different oil droplet concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% (w/v)) were subjected to enzymatic crosslinking. Laccase was added to the fish gelatin-beet pectin emulsions and emulsions were incubated for 15 min at room temperature. The pH- and storage stability of primary, secondary and secondary, laccase-treated emulsions was determined. Results indicated that crosslinking occurred exclusively in the layers and not between droplets, since no aggregates were formed. Droplet size increased from 350 to 400 nm regardless of oil droplet concentrations within a matter of minutes after addition of laccase suggesting formation of covalent bonds between pectin adsorbed at interfaces and pectin in the aqueous phase in the vicinity of droplets. During storage, size of enzymatically treated emulsions decreased, which was found to be due to enzymatic hydrolysis. Results suggest that biopolymer-crosslinking enzymes could be used to enhance stability of multilayered emulsions.     

巴氏灭菌对不同油脂体乳液氧化稳定性的影响

为探究巴氏灭菌对大豆、葵花、花生、芝麻和核桃油脂体乳液氧化稳定性的影响,本研究测定不同油脂体的基本组成、相关蛋白组成、脂肪酸组成和相对含量,然后利用动态光散射、激光共聚焦显微镜等研究巴氏灭菌（85 ℃加热10 min）对油脂体乳液物理稳定性和氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明：不同油脂体的基本组成、相关蛋白组成和脂肪酸组成存在明显差异,油脂体相关蛋白由内源膜蛋白和外源蛋白组成,油脂体脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主,其中油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸是主要的不饱和脂肪酸。5 种不同原料油脂体中,大豆油脂体蛋白质量分数和水分质量分数最高,而油脂质量分数最低;花生油脂体总饱和脂肪酸相对含量（21.27%）最高,核桃油脂体总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量（90.10%）最高。巴氏灭菌可显著改善大豆和花生油脂体乳液氧化稳定性,而对葵花、芝麻和核桃油脂体乳液起促进氧化作用。本研究可为油脂体在沙拉酱、植物奶等产品应用提供参考。     

Emulsifying properties of gum kondagogu (Cochlospermum gossypium), a natural biopolymer

BACKGROUND: Natural polymers are widely used as emulsifying agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their low cost, biocompatibility and non‐toxic nature. In the present study, emulsifying properties of the novel natural biopolymer gum kondagogu (GKG) were investigated. GKG solutions of different concentrations (0.1–0.6% w/v) were prepared in water and emulsified with liquid paraffin oil (40% v/v) in a high‐speed homogeniser. Flow properties of the emulsions were measured using a rheometer. Emulsion stability and droplet size distribution were determined by visual observation, photomicrography and laser‐scattering particle size distribution analysis. RESULTS: The emulsions prepared with GKG showed pseudoplastic behaviour. The size of oil droplets and the viscosity of emulsions at concentrations of 0.4–0.6% w/v showed little change over time (up to 30 days), indicating that the emulsions were stable. Measurements of the zeta potential of emulsions adjusted to different pH, with and without added electrolyte, showed that the stabilisation of emulsions with GKG was due to mutual repulsion between electrical double layers of particles and adsorption of macromolecules on oil droplets. CONCLUSION: The results of this experimental investigation show that GKG is a good emulsifying agent even at low concentrations, with many potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Influence of dietary fiber on in-vitro lipid digestion of emulsions prepared with high-intensity ultrasound

In terms of disease prevention, nutrition is becoming an increasingly important aspect. Therefore, emulsions as an innovative food product containing health-promoting plant fiber and canola oil prepared with high-intensity ultrasound were investigated. They were analysed regarding their physicochemical properties and their influence on in-vitro digestion. Ultrasound led to a reduction in oil droplet size and a modification of plant fiber, which influenced their techno-functional properties and improved emulsion stability due to higher viscosities. It turned out that fibers with high amounts of soluble dietary fiber were able to stabilize the emulsions during in-vitro digestion until they entered the intestinal phase, forming a micelle-like network. The digestibility could be increased by about 5%. The usage of plant fibers in emulsions can help to increase the daily uptake of dietary fiber and at the same time counteract absorption deficiencies due to better fat digestibility.