1-(5-取代糠基)吲哚啉-2-酮衍生物的合成和初步抗肿瘤活性

为了寻找具有较好抗肿瘤活性的新型吲哚啉-2-酮类化合物，本研究以5-甲酰基-2,4-二甲基-1H-吡咯-3-羧酸乙酯与5位不同取代的吲哚啉-2-酮(2a～2d)为原料，首先经缩合得3-吡咯亚甲基-吲哚啉-2-酮(3a～3d)，再经N烃化反应得到1-(5-甲酰基糠基)-3-(吡咯亚甲基)-吲哚啉-2-酮(4a～4d)，然后与吲哚啉-2-酮缩合得到以5-亚甲基糠基连接的双吲哚啉-2-酮化合物(5a～5d)。所合成的12个新型吲哚啉-2-酮类化合物的结构经核磁共振谱、质谱和元素分析确认。采用四氮唑盐(MTT)还原法测试所合成化合物的体外抗肿瘤活性，结果表明所合成的化合物均有一定的抗肿瘤作用，其中6个化合物对SPC-A1肺癌肿瘤株体外抑制活性优于舒尼替尼，特别是化合物5a～5d， IC₅₀值均小于5 μmol·L^-1，值得作为抗肿瘤药物先导化合物。     

Synthesis, biological activity and docking study of some new isatin Schiff base derivatives

A set of novel Schiff bases of isatin were synthesized and characterized by reaction of isatin with various aromatic or heterocyclic primary amines. Cytotoxic activities for some of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by MTT assay in three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, LS180 and Raji). Half of the tested compounds showed good cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. 3-(2-(4-nitrophenyl) hydrazono) indolin-2-one was found to be the most potent molecule among the studied isatin derivatives. Docking studies of 3-substituted indolin-2-one scaffolds on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) involved in cell proliferation and angiogenesis was performed. 3-(naphthalen-1-ylimino) indolin-2-one and 3-(2-(4-nitrophenyl) hydrazono) indolin-2-one exhibited higher docking binding energies with receptor. For 3-(2-(4-nitrophenyl) hydrazono) indolin-2-one, H-bond interaction with Cys917 residue of target active site was in common with reported crystallographic benzoimidazole derivative (PDB code: 2OH4). New key H-bonds involving Glu915, Asn921, and Arg1049 residues in VEGFR-2 active site could be detected for 3-(2-(4-nitrophenyl) hydrazono) indolin-2-one. Extended lipophilic rings containing H-bond acceptors on the 3 position of indoline scaffold seemed to be important factors in developing potent VEGFR-2 inhibitors virtually. Based on the ligand efficiency indices, some isoxazole or thiazole substituted isatin derivatives may be regarded as efficient candidates for further molecular developments of anticancer agents.     

通过碳碳双键连接的吲哚-2-酮与喹唑啉-4（3H）-酮杂合物的合成与抗肿瘤活性评价

通过2-甲基4-氧代喹唑啉-6-甲醛与不同的吲哚-2-酮的缩合反应,制备了一系列吲哚-2-酮与喹唑啉-4（3H）-酮的杂合物5a-j。MTT法测试结果表明,只有化合物5e对人肿瘤细胞A549、MCF-7、HeLa、HT-29和HCT-116表现出一定的细胞毒活性,50μM浓度下的抑制率为32．0％-62．3％。     

Structural studies on bioactive compounds. 40.(1) Synthesis and biological properties of fluoro-, methoxyl-, and amino-substituted 3-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-ones and a comparison of their antitumor activities with the activities of related 2-phenylbenzothiazoles

A new series of fluoro-, methoxyl-, and amino-substituted isoflavones have been synthesized as potential antitumor agents based on structural similarities to known flavones and isoflavones (quercetin and genistein respectively) and antitumor 2-phenylbenzothiazoles. Target compounds were synthesized using palladium-catalyzed coupling methodologies to construct the central aryl carbon-carbon single bond. The new isoflavone derivatives were tested for in vitro activity in human breast (MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7) and colon (HT29 and HCT-116) cancer cell lines. Low micromolar GI50 values were obtained in a number of cases, with the MDA-MB-468 cell line being the most sensitive overall. Notably, significant potentiation of growth inhibitory activity (GI50<1 microM for 12d, 12f, 12h, 12k, 12l, 12o but not the methylene-bridged derivative 12i) was observed when MDA-MB-468 cells were co-incubated with TBDD, a powerful inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-1A1 activity, suggesting that isoflavone derivatives can act as substrates for CYP1A1 bioactivation.     

Novel benzoylurea derivatives as potential antitumor agents; synthesis,activities and structure-activity relationships

A series of pyrazoloxyphenyl benzoyl urea derivatives was designed and synthesized for cytotoxic evaluation as potential antitumor agents. The synthetic compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines, including A-549, SKOV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF-498 and HCT-15. Among others, compound 11 exhibited 50-100 times greater antitumor activities than the commercial product, Cisplatin.     

4-(甲基苯胺基)-3-氰基喹啉类衍生物的 合成及抗肿瘤活性

目的 设计合成4-(甲基苯胺基)-3-氰基喹啉类衍生物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。 方法 以氰乙酸乙酯为起始原料,经多步反应合成目标化合物。采用MTT法,以吉非替尼（gefitinib）为阳性对照药,以A549、HT-29和MDA-MB-231为测试细胞株对目标化合物的抗肿瘤活性进行了评价。 结果 合成了18个新化合物,经1H-NMR、MS和IR确认其结构。体外活性测试结果显示,多数化合物可在较低浓度抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,其中的Ⅶ2、Ⅶ3、Ⅶ6、Ⅶ12、Ⅶ13、Ⅶ15 和 Ⅶ16共7个化合物有显著的抗增殖活性,优于阳性对照药吉非替尼。 结论 体外活性实验表明：4-(甲基苯胺基)-3-氰基喹啉类衍生物作为新型的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,其构效关系值得进一步研究。     

α-硫辛酸衍生物的合成及其抗癌活性研究

目的设计合成α-硫辛酸衍生物,并测定其体外对肿瘤细胞的抑制活性。方法首先,以邻硝基氟苯为起始原料,经亲电取代和氧化反应合成抗肿瘤药替拉扎明,同时以色氨酸为起始物合成L-色氨酸甲酯盐酸盐;然后将替拉扎明和色氨酸甲酯盐酸盐分别与外消旋的或光学纯的硫辛酸进行酰胺缩合制得目标化合物。采用MTT法考察目标化合物对肿瘤细胞株ES-2、K562、PC-3、MDA-MB-231和A549的体外抑瘤活性。结果与结论合成了4个未见文献报道的新硫辛酸衍生物,其结构经1H-NMR、MS谱确证。目标化合物对实验的肿瘤细胞均具有一定的抑制活性,其中,化合物Ⅱ的活性最好,其IC50值在10μmol·L-1以内。     

Structure–activity relationship studies of indolin-2-one derivatives as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors and anticancer agents

Angiogenesis is a requirement for the growth of cancer cells. The family of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) is the main target in metastasis. Indolin-2-one is proved to be an essential scaffold of antiangiogenic drugs. Sunitinib is the first oral indolin-2-one derivative marketed as a VEGFR inhibitor in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Therefore, novel compounds possessing the scaffold of sunitinib were designed and synthesized by different researchers to improve the anticancer activity, bioavailability, and solubility, and to decrease the toxicity of sunitinib. In this comprehensive review, the structure–activity relationship of different indolin-2-one analogs as VEGFR inhibitors is discussed. It has been observed that the indolin-2-one core is necessary for the inhibition of VEGFRs. It was determined that substitutions at C-3 of the oxindole ring play an important role in their antiangiogenic and anticancer activities.     

Synthesis and biological properties of benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and chromen-4-one analogues of the potent antitumor agent 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (PMX 610, NSC 721648)

New fluorinated 2-aryl-benzothiazoles, -benzoxazoles, and -chromen-4-ones have been synthesized and their activity against MCF-7 and MDA 468 breast cancer cell lines compared with the potent antitumor benzothiazole 5. Analogues such as 9a, b and 12a, d yielded submicromolar GI50 values in both cell lines; however, none of the new compounds approached 5 in terms of antitumor potency. For 5, binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor appeared to be necessary but not sufficient for growth inhibition.     

Synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of novel oleanolic acid derivatives

Ten novel oleanolic acid (OA) derivatives were synthesized through modifications at positions of A ring and C-28. Inhibitory activities of the oleanolic acid derivatives against SGC7901 and A549 cell lines were evaluated and confirmed by the tetrazolium bromidesalt (MTT) assay. The lab results revealed that all these compounds displayed some antitumor activity against SGC-7901 and A-549 cell lines. Among them, II₄ and II₅ exhibited excellent antitumor activities against SGC7901 cells and A549 cells, compared with gefitinib. Molecular docking studies have shown that compounds II₄ and II₅ produce potent antitumor activities by interacting with C-kit receptor through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds.     

Synthesis,biological screening and molecular docking studies of novel 4,6-pyrimidine derivatives as EGFR-TK inhibitors

Novel 4, 6-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives (5–16) were synthesized in four steps starting from 2,4-dichloropyrimidine and screened for their cytotoxicity using brine shrimp (Artemia Salina) lethality bioassay. The compounds such as 6, 11, 14 and 15 were found to be more toxic. The compounds were also studied for in vitro anticancer properties using six different cancer cell lines viz SIHA, PANC-1, MDA-MB-231, IMR-32, DU145 and A549. The compound 14 was effective inhibitor of SIHA and DU145, whereas compound 16 in Panc 1 and A549, compound 7 in MDA-MB-231 and compound 6 in IMR 32 respectively. Molecular docking studies were carried out using an X-ray crystallographic structure of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase to explore the possible mode of action of compounds as epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors.     

STI571 sensitizes breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin and camptothecin in a cell type-specific manner

Previously, we demonstrated that Abl kinases are highly active in invasive breast cancer cell lines, and contribute to survival in response to nutrient deprivation, invasion and proliferation. To determine whether an Abl kinase inhibitor, STI571 (Gleevec; imatinib mesylate) sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, we treated three breast cancer cell lines (BT-549, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468) that have active Abl kinases, with STI571 in combination with several conventional chemotherapeutic drugs frequently used to treat breast cancer, and assessed the effect on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. We found that STI571 had synergistic effects with cisplatin in BT-549 and to some extent in MDA-MB-468 cells; synergized with camptothecin using an alternate dosing regimen in MDA-MB-231 cells; and STI571 synergistically sensitized MDA-MB-468 cells to paclitaxel and to high doses of 5-fluorouracil. Significantly, STI571 increased the ability of cisplatin to inhibit constitutive activation of PI3K/Akt in BT-549 cells, synergized with camptothecin to increase the stability of IκB in MDA-MB-231 cells, and in MDA-MB-468 cells, camptothecin and 5-fluorouracil inhibited STI571-dependent activation of STAT3. In other cell line/drug combinations, STI571 had additive or antagonistic effects, indicating that the ability of STI571 to sensitize breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents is cell type-dependent. Significantly, unlike cisplatin, paclitaxel, and camptothecin, mechloroethamine was strongly antagonistic to STI571, and the effect was not cell line-dependent. Taken together, these data indicate that the cellular milieu governs the response of breast cancer cells to STI571/chemotherapeutic combination regimens, which suggests that treatment with these combinations requires individualization.     

Molecular analysis of MEN1 expression in MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB 468 breast cancer cell lines treated with adriamycin using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry

Background and the purpose of the study

MEN1 is an important tumor suppressor gene that encodes a nuclear protein called menin. Recent data suggest that interactions between menin and other proteins have important roles in control of the cell cycle and apoptosis. In addition, estrogen receptor (ER), an important prognostic factor is differentially expressed in breast cancer cells. In this study the MEN1 gene and protein expression in MCF7, T47D and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell lines with different ER status following exposure to adriamycin (ADR) was investigated.

Materials and methods

Cytotoxicity of ADR on these cell lines was determined using MTT assay. The mRNA and protein levels were analyzed in tested cell lines using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry (ICC) assays, respectively.

Results

ADR cytotoxicity was highest on MDA-MB-468 and lowest on MCF7 cells. MEN1 mRNA showed significant decrease after ADR exposure only in the MDA-MB-468 cell line. Menin protein expression was higher in MDA-MB-468 and lower in MCF7 cells.

Conclusion

Differential molecular responses to adriamycin were observed in cancer cell lines. Molecular data also suggest that MEN1 as a new biomarker can be used in combination with current biomarkers for prediction of response to chemotherapy.     

2-取代胺甲基-5(6)-(E)-取代亚甲基环戊(己)酮盐酸盐类化合物的设计、合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的设计合成20个2,5(6)-双取代环戊(己)酮类化合物,进行抗肿瘤活性研究。方法以WB852为先导化合物,设计合成了20个2-取代胺甲基-5(6)-(E)-取代亚甲基环戊(己)酮盐酸盐类化合物。利用MTT法对其中17个化合物进行了体外细胞毒活性筛选,所用肿瘤细胞株为人乳腺癌细胞T47D、MCF-7、MCF-7/Adr;通过Habig的酶动力学方法,测试了部分目标化合物细胞外对GSTπ活性的影响。结果与结论合成了20个2-取代胺甲基-5(6)-(E)-取代亚甲基环戊(己)酮盐酸盐类化合物,其中16个为未见文献报道的新化合物,其结构均经1H-NMR、MS和IR确证。体外抗肿瘤活性筛选结果,17个化合物对3种肿瘤细胞均有不同程度的生长抑制活性,A-16、A-17、A-18、A-19等4个化合物活性显著,值得进行深入研究。9个化合物均有不同程度地抑制GSTπ的活性,其中A-4、8、9、11和15等5个化合物对GSTπ的抑制作用强于WB852。取代胺甲基部分、取代亚甲基侧链的改变以及环的大小对抗肿瘤活性和选择性影响不大,但显著影响对GSTπ的抑制作用。A-16、A-17、A-18、A-19对MCF-7/Adr的生长抑制作用与WB852相当,但均低于对MCF-7细胞的活性,对耐药细胞的活性与GSTπ抑制无关。     

11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin: a natural compound possessing growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase-inhibitory effect with anti-tumor activity

11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin, a compound of the novel epidithiodioxopiprazine structural class, is isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Shiraia bambusicola. The present study demonstrated for the first time that 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin has potent tyrosine kinase-inhibitory and anti-tumor activities. In the cell-free ELISA tyrosine kinase assay, 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin significantly inhibited the activities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1/fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (VEGFR-1/Flt-1) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2/ErbB-2), with relative specificity on EGFR and VEGFR-1 with IC50s of 0.136+/-0.109 and 1.645+/-0.885 nM, respectively. Exposure of 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin for 1 h to EGFR-overexpressed MDA-MB-468 human breast carcinoma cells and HER2-overexpressed SK-OV-3 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells resulted in obvious inhibition of EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and HER2. In addition, 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin also inhibited the EGF-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2, but had no effect on the phosphorylation of AKT in both tumor cell lines. Moreover, 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin has potent anti-tumor activity. In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin potently inhibited the proliferation of four human breast tumor cell lines with an average IC50 value of 0.2 microM. In vivo, 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin exhibited remarkable efficacy against mice sarcoma 180 and hepatoma 22 after daily i.p. administration of 0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg with inhibition rates ranging from 45.0 to 72.4%. Treated with 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin at 0.5-2.0 microM for 36 h, MB-MB-468 cells exhibited significant apoptotic morphological changes. At low concentrations (0.0625-0.5 microM) for 24 h, 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin induced a dose-dependent accumulation of MDA-MB-468 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. These results indicate that 11,11'-dideoxy-verticillin is a naturally derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity.     

B5, a novel pyrrole-substituted indolinone,exerts potent antitumor efficacy through G2/M cell cycle arrest

(E)-Ethyl 3,5-dimethyl-4-[(indolin-2-one-3-ylidene)methyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (B5) was one of the novel pyrrole-substituted indolinones synthesized in our research with the initial aim of developing selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKIs). However, B5 exhibited weak inhibitory potency against a variety of protein tyrosine kinases including EGFR, but potent kinase inhibition against several members of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family. The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay demonstrated that B5 had approximately 500 times more potent antitumor activity than PD153035, a known standard EGFR-TKI, in a panel of ten epithelial cancer cell lines. B5 did not inhibit the phosphorylation of EGFR induced by EGF in vitro. DNA flow cytometric analysis revealed that B5 induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and western blot analysis indicated that both CDK1 (Cdc2) and cyclin B1 proteins were decreased after B5 treatment. Our findings suggested the potential therapeutic applications of B5 in numerous cancers and a promising new template for further development of antitumor agents.     

3-取代吲哚-2-酮类化合物的设计、合成及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成对微管蛋白和血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)激酶具有双重抑制作用的3-取代吲哚-2-酮类化合物,考察其体外抑瘤活性。方法以取代的苯胺为起始原料,经缩合、环合、还原、取代等反应制得系列目标化合物,并考察该系列化合物对微管蛋白和肿瘤细胞的抑制活性。结果共合成了11个新的目标化合物。实验结果显示,化合物j9对微管蛋白和VEGFR-2激酶具有双重抑制活性。所有目标化合物对3种肿瘤细胞株均有中等强度的抑制活性。结论该类化合物是一类具有多靶点作用的抗肿瘤化合物。     

Synthesis of novel spin-labeled podophyllotoxin derivatives as potential antineoplastic agents: Part XXV

A series of novel spin-labeled 4β-[(4-substituted)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]podophyllotoxin derivatives (17a–h) were firstly designed and synthesized with significant regioselectivity by employing Cu(I) catalyzed click approach, and evaluated for cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines (A-549, DU145, KB, and KBvin). Among them, compound 17h displayed the highest cytotoxic activity against the tumor cell lines tested. Significantly, compound 17h showed superior cytotoxic activity compared with etoposide (IC₅₀ 6.30 to >10 μM), a clinically available anticancer drug. Significant activity toward the drug resistant KBvin cell line revealed promising future for compound 17h as a new generation of epipodophyllotoxin-derived antitumor clinical trial candidate.     

6-取代亚甲肼基-2，4-双吗啉嘧啶及三嗪类衍生物的合成与抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成一系列6-取代亚甲肼基嘧啶及三嗪衍生物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。方法以2,4,6-三氯嘧啶或三聚氯氰、苯胺、苯并咪唑、吡咯为起始原料,经多步反应合成目标化合物;采用MTT法,以BMCL-200908069—1为阳性对照药,以H460、A549和H226为测试细胞株,对目标化合物进行抗肿瘤活性评价。结果合成了20个未见文献报道的6-取代亚甲肼基-2,4-双吗啉嘧啶及三嗪类化合物,其结构经MS、1H-NMR谱确证。结论体外活性实验显示：该系列化合物具有较强的抗肿瘤活性,其中,化合物6a活性最佳,其对H460、A549和H226抑制作用的IC50值分别为3．4、0L75、0．86pxnol·L-1,其活性为阳性对照药的28～16．8倍。     

First total synthesis of protoapigenone and its analogues as potent cytotoxic agents

Protoapigenone (1), isolated from Thelypteris torresiana, previously showed significant cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines. In a continued structure-activity relationship study, the first total synthesis and modification of 1 were achieved. All synthesized compounds and related intermediates were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines, HepG2, Hep3B, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and A549. Among them, 24 showed 2.2-14.2-fold greater cytotoxicity than 1 and naphthyl A-ring analogues remarkably enhanced the activity.