胃癌术后IMRT与常规对穿及适形照射剂量学的比较

目的比较胃癌术后常规放射治疗与适形及调强（IMRT）治疗技术在同一处方剂量（45 Gy）时的剂量分布特点,为临床提供参考。方法选取9例胃癌术后患者,在CT图像序列上勾画出临床靶区（CTV）,CTV外放1 cm定义为计划靶区PTV,对PTV分别用常规两野对穿、适形5野及5野调强照射技术进行计划设计。所有方案处方剂量均为45 Gy,要求95%体积PTV接受45 Gy剂量,IMRT与适形计划采用优化以保证≥95%的PTV接受45 Gy的处方剂量,99%的PTV接受42.75 Gy。根据剂量体积直方图（DVH）比较PTV受量和正常器官的受量差异和剂量分布,并计算正常组织并发症概率（NTCP）。结果IMRT能够产生优于常规及适形的靶区剂量分布,均匀性及适形度明显优于常规对穿照射。IMRT的左肾受23 Gy剂量的体积百分比（V23）明显低于常规及适形技术,从脊髓剂量来看,IMRT的脊髓最大剂量为（39.3＋2.3）,小于40 Gy,明显优于常规前后对穿及适形照射技术,并相应减少脊髓的NTCP值。结论IMRT相对于常规对穿照射及适形照射具有明显的靶区剂量分布优势,可以减少肾脏、脊髓等正常组织器官的照射体积百分比及NTCP值。     

三维治疗计划系统对胸部食管癌常规放疗计划肿瘤剂量的评估

目的 用三维治疗计划系统评估胸部食管癌传统三野放疗计划的肿瘤剂量分布。方法 19例确诊为食管癌的患者均予胸部CT扫描，在CT上勾画GTV，CTV，PTV，然后用Cad Plan 64．7三维治疗计划系统产生传统三野等中心虚拟治疗计划，通过DVH比较GTV，CTV，PTV所受剂量，靶区适形度及靶区剂量均匀度。结果GTV，CTV，PTV最大剂量分别为：51．64，51．94，51．48Gy；最小剂量分别为：41．17，2531，1894Gy；平均剂量分别为：495，47．34，42．92Gy；适形指数分别为：0.94，0.69，0.38；剂量变异度分别为：2．2，7．57，14.56Gy。结论 传统的食管癌设野定位方法不能满足放射治疗的临床剂量学要求，应采用CT定位，通过三维计划系统的方法来确定食管癌的照射方法。     

食管癌常规及两种适形照射方法剂量分布的比较

 目的 采用三维治疗计划系统比较食管癌常规三野照射和两种三维适形放疗（3DCRT）计划中肿瘤和正常组织的剂量分布。方法 随机选择食管癌患者10例， CT扫描定位。勾画肿瘤体积（GTV）、临床靶体积（CTV）和计划靶体积（PTV）。设计常规三野、三野适形、五野适形3种设野。结果（1）三野适形与常规三野比较：三野适形中GTV均在90 %剂量线以内，而在常规三野计划中有50 %（5／10）部分GTV在90 %等剂量线以外；PTV的最小剂量、平均剂量差异均有统计学意义；脊髓剂量分布差异有统计学意义。（2）五野适形与三野适形比较：PTV最小剂量差异有统计学意义。五野适形中20、30 Gy包绕的百分体积变小，10 Gy包绕的百分体积增大，差异有统计学意义；脊髓最大剂量差异有统计学意义，但在安全范围内。结论 （1）三野适形计划的肿瘤和脊髓剂量分布优于常规三野放疗计划，尤其在病变较长时更有优势；（2）五野适形较三野适形肿瘤剂量分布更趋均匀，双肺和脊髓剂量都在安全范围内。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗的剂量学研究

 【摘要】目的 分析鼻咽癌调强放疗各个靶区和周围正常组织器官的剂量学特点。方法 2005年1月-2006年6月住院的30例初治鼻咽癌进行调强放疗，将鼻咽和颈部的靶体积勾画为鼻咽大体肿瘤体积（GTVnx）、颈部大体肿瘤体积(GTVnd)、临床靶体积1（CTV1）和临床靶体积2(CTV2)，处方剂量分别为70、66、60、60Gy/30F，鼻咽和上颈部靶体积采用IMRT技术照射、下颈部靶体积采用下颈前野常规照射。研究GTV、CTV的最大、最小、平均剂量和颞叶、脑干、脊髓、视神经、晶体、眼球的最大受照剂量及腮腺、颞下颌关节的50%体积受照剂量。结果 GTVnx的最大、最小、平均剂量（均值）分别为79.2、59.5、71.9Gy, GTVnd的最大、最小、平均剂量分别为77.1、63.6、72.1Gy，CTV1、CTV2的最小剂量分别为47.6、49.7Gy，颞叶、脑干、脊髓、视神经、晶体、眼球的最大受照剂量及腮腺、颞下颌关节的50%体积受照剂量63.2、48.6、44.7、59.3、6.9、25.9Gy和34.0、36.3Gy。结论 调强放疗可以使各个靶区得到足够的、均匀的剂量分布，周围正常组织器官得到较好的保护，但是要注意CTV的低剂量区。鼻咽癌调强放疗剂量分布优于常规放疗。     

鼻咽癌调强放射治疗的剂量学特点

[目的]分析鼻咽癌调强放疗各个靶区和周围正常器官的剂量学特点.[方法]2004年7月至10月入院的10例初治鼻咽癌调强放疗病人,用前7野方案,每野的照射范围从颅底到锁骨上淋巴预防区.剂量处方是:GTV1为2.18Gy/次,32次,GTV2为2.03Gy/次,32次,CTV1为1.88Gy/次,32次,CTV2为1.80Gy/次,28次.研究GTV的最大、最小和平均剂量,CTV的最小剂量,脊髓、脑干和晶状体的最大剂量,腮腺的50%体积受照剂量.[结果]10例病人GTV1的最大、最小和平均剂量(均值)分别是72.01Gy、68.65Gy、70.48Gy,GTV2的最大、最小和平均剂量(均值)分别是68.66y、65.50Gy、66.98Gy,CTV1的最小剂量为60.10Gy,CTV2的最小剂量为51.18Gy,脊髓、脑干和晶体状的最大剂量分别为44.7Gy、51.7Gy和6.8Gy,高剂量侧和低剂量侧,腮腺的50%体积的受照剂量分别为44.39Gy和39.36Gy.[结论]调强放疗可以使各个靶区得到足够的、均匀的剂量分布,周围的正常组织受到比较好的保护,腮腺50%体积受照剂量控制在40Gy～45Gy,显示已有较好的保护作用.     

食管癌三维适形放疗中靶区移位与剂量学研究

目的:利用融合图像观察食管癌适形放疗过程中肿瘤区(GTV)的移位及体积变化情况,分析靶区变化对其受照剂量的影响,探讨食管癌三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)中二次定位的必要性及可行性.方法:40例食管癌患者接受3D-CRT,照射30 Gy后行二次CT模拟定位.制定两套计划,治疗计划1(Plan 1)按前半程追加处方剂量至60 GY;治疗计划2(Plan 2)将后半程与前半程进行图像融合,总处方剂量60 GY,观察两套计划中GTV、CTV和PTV的受照剂量.结果:1)40例患者GTV几何中心在X、Y、Z轴上的移位分别为0.3、0.7和0.3 cm,二次定位后的GTV体积、CT最大横径、最大前后径均较治疗前明显缩小,长度无明显缩短.2)Plan 1中PTV2D95较PTV1D95减少约8.38%.3)Plan 2中PTV2D95>PTV1D95.4)肿瘤长度>7 cm、主动脉受侵者在Plan 1中PTV2D95明显小于长度≤7 cm及主动脉受侵阴性者.结论:食管癌3D-CRT过程中同时存在靶区移位及靶区缩小两种情况,由于靶区移位,可能会使PTV 95%体积接受的剂量减少约8.38%,肿瘤长度较大合并主动脉受侵者建议行疗中二次CT定位以修正靶区剂量.     

三维适形放射治疗计划系统对胸部食管癌常规放疗计划肿瘤剂量的评估

 目的 用三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）计划系统评估胸部食管癌传统三野放疗计划的肿瘤剂量分布。方法 25例确诊为食管癌的患者均予胸部CT扫描，在CT上勾画大体肿瘤体积（GTV）、临床靶体积（CTV）、计划靶体积（PTV），在3DCRT计划系统上制定2套治疗计划：常规治疗计划和3DCRT计划。结果 食管造影所示病变平均长度6.45 cm，CT扫描平均长度9.42 cm，全组中位处方剂量66 Gy，常规放疗计划、3DCRT计划的GTV 100 %体积剂量分别为36.066、63.795 Gy，GTV 95 %体积剂量分别为47.552、65.865 Gy，CTV 95 %体积剂量分别为34.051、63.752 Gy，可见3DCRT计划的GTV、CTV 100 %、95 %体积剂量均高于常规计划。结论　传统的食管癌设野定位方法不能满足放射治疗的临床剂量学要求，应采用CT定位通过3DCRT计划系统的方法来确定食管癌的照射方法     

用三维治疗计划系统评估食管癌常规放射治疗中肿瘤剂量的分布

目的用三维治疗计划系统研究食管癌常规放射治疗中肿瘤和正常组织的剂量分布。方法未经治疗的食管癌患者20例经体位固定、模拟机定位、体膜上标记射野中心后进行Cr扫描，通过局域网(Lantis)将扫描图像传送到治疗计划系统(CMS Focus)。由主任医生根据食管造影、纤维食管镜和CT勾画GTV、CTV和PTV。物理师为每例患者设计3种野：A为常规野：以体膜上显示的标记点为模拟机定位中心，将模拟机定位的条件直接输入治疗计划系统；B为扩大野；C为适形野：用三维治疗计划系统使靶区(GTV、CTV和PTV)和正常组织达到满意剂量。结果(1)CT扫描显示肿瘤的左右径平均为4．3cm，前后径为2．9cm。常规模拟机定位中心与三维适形计划中心的位置在X、Y、Z轴方向上差3．7、9．6、6．4mm。(2)常规野和扩大野的处方剂量(射野中心点的剂量)为60Gy，分30次，6周完成，其所覆盖的肿瘤体积占GTV的37％、38％，CTV的27％、33％；适形野的处方剂量(CTV的95％体积剂量)同常规野和扩大野，但其所覆盖的肿瘤体积占GTV的100％。(3)常规野、扩大野和适形野GTV的100％体积剂量分别为44、57、62Gy；肺V20分别为23％、31％、20％。结论食管癌常规放射治疗技术的方法不能使肿瘤靶体积的剂量分布均匀且达不到理想的处方剂量；用模拟机定位采用扩大照射野的方法来保全肿瘤的剂量，肺和脊髓的剂量不能保证在安全范围；应采用三维治疗计划系统对肿瘤靶体积给予处方剂量，保证肿瘤靶体积和正常组织均达理想剂量。     

胸中段食管癌不同入射角度5野调强放疗的剂量学分析

目的 比较胸中段食管癌不同入射角度5野调强放疗计划靶区剂量及正常组织剂量。方法 8例胸中段食管癌患者,每例设计3个5野调强计划,IMRT1用前后对穿+右前左后对穿+左前斜野,其中右前左后野避开脊髓;IMRT2入射角等分,即0°,72°,144°,216°和288°;IMRT3入射角优化为0°,50°,150°,210°和310°。比较3个计划的PTV平均剂量(Dmean)、均匀性指数(HI)和适形度指数(CI);总肺V5、V10、V20和V30;脊髓最大剂量(Dmax);心脏V30、V40和平均剂量(Dmean)。计划要求:90%等剂量线覆盖95% PTV体积和100% GTV体积,剂量为6 000 cGy/30次,总肺V20≤28%,对心脏无特殊限量,控制脊髓剂量在4 200 cGy-4 300 cGy范围内。结果 3个计划PTV的Dmean、HI和CI差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),3个指标的平均值均以IMRT2最大,IMRT3次之,IMRT1最小,但HI在IMRT2与IMRT3间无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。总肺V5和V30差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中V5以IMRT2最大,IMRT1次之,IMRT3最小,但IMRT1与IMRT3间无统计学差异(P＞0.05);V30以IMRT2最小,IMRT1次之,IMRT3最大,但仅IMRT2和IMRT3间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);总肺V10、V20和Dmean,脊髓最大剂量Dmax,心脏V30、V40和Dmean差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 角度优化的IMRT3计划较采用对穿野的IMRT1计划能提高靶区适形性(CI),较角度均分的IMRT2计划能降低总肺V5体积和靶区平均剂量(Dmean)。     

非共面射野在胸段食管癌术后三维适形放疗中的剂量学研究

目的:对比研究前野共面及非共面射野在计划靶区纵轴长度19 cm的胸段食管癌术后三维适形放疗中的剂量分布。方法:对32例适用病例进行三维适形放疗计划设计,为每例患者设计2套计划方案,A方案为所有射野均采用共面设计,B方案前野改为非共面射野,其余射野共面设计并同A方案射野角度相同,对两套治疗计划进行临床靶区CTV、计划靶区PTV以及危及器官剂量分布的对比。结果:与A方案相比,采用前野非共面射野的B方案CTV及PTV的最大剂量(Dmax)和平均剂量(Dmean)均显著下降(P<0.05),体积百分比V110显著降低(P<0.05),HI值显著低于A方案〔(1.09±0.01)vs(1.06±0.01),P<0.05〕,差异具有统计学意义。两肺的各项指标差异无统计学意义,脊髓最大剂量Dmax低于A套计划(P<0.05)。对于心脏,B方案V40值略高于A方案,但在临床接受范围内。采用非共面前野设计的三维适形计划在靶区的均匀性等剂量学分布上有所提高,脊髓受量显著下降〔(42.17±1.89)Gyvs(40.65±1.86)Gy,P<0.05〕,剂量分布得到改善。结论:当食管癌长度超出楔形野照射允许范围时,适时合理运用非共面射野,可获得较理想的剂量分布,有利于满足临床的剂量学要求。     

Organ motion in image-guided radiotherapy: lessons from real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy

External radiotherapy using imaging technology for patient setup is often called image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT). The most important problem to solve in IGRT is organ motion. Four-dimensional radiotherapy (4DRT), in which the accuracy of localization is improved – not only in space but also in time – in comparison to 3DRT, is required in IGRT. Real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy (RTRT) has been shown to be feasible for performing 4DRT with the aid of a fiducial marker near the tumor. Lung, liver, prostate, spinal/paraspinal, gynecological, head and neck, esophagus, and pancreas tumors are now ready for dose escalation studies using RTRT.     

国产威达（WD－H·D·R18）后装腔内治疗机的临床应用（附380例疗效观察）

我院自１９９２年６月至１９９３年６月使用广东威达（ＷＤ·Ｈ·Ｄ·Ｒ·１８型）后装腔内治疗机，施行腔内放疗、组织间插植、术中置管和表面敷贴放疗等方法，治疗各种癌瘤共３８０例，其近期疗效为：完全消失７９．７４％（３０３／３８０）部分消失：１４．７４％（５６／３８０）无效：５．５３％（２１／３８０）；总有效率：９４．４８％（３５９／３８０）。全组随诊时间为１－１２个月。结合临床应用的若干问题对该机作出初步评价。     

2019年中国大陆地区放疗人员和设备基本情况调查研究

[目的]了解我国大陆地区放疗人才及设备情况。[方法]2019年4月10日至9月20日期间,中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会通过线上问卷的形式进行了全国第九次行业调查,调查2018年度全国各个医院从事放疗的人员、设备、技术、年放疗人次以及主要放疗病种等数据。[结果]本次问卷回收率100%,所有放疗单位数据通过各省医学会再次确认。中国大陆地区放疗单位1463家。从事放疗的工作人员共29096人,其中放疗医师14575人、物理师4172人、技师8940人、维修师1409人。共有直线加速器2021台(含进口和国产),钴60远距离治疗机66台,近距离治疗机339台,质子重离子机5台,常规模拟机1453台,CT模拟机355台。能开展二维放疗1002家,三维适形放疗1272家,静态调强放疗1121家,Rapid Arc145家,容积旋转调强放疗279家,立体定向放射治疗297家,近距离治疗273家,全身X线治疗75家,全身电子线治疗73家,Tomo治疗38家,质子/重离子治疗5家。病床数97836张(含综合医院肿瘤科病床),放疗年治疗人数1259602人。[结论]中国大陆地区放疗单位数目缓慢增长,放疗从业人员较前稍减少,开展放疗新技术单位逐年增加,全国每百万人口放疗设备(加速器+钴60)仅1.5,仍低于WHO的要求。     

Clinician's guide to prostate IMRT plan assessment and optimisation

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) offers dosimetric benefit for irregularly shaped treatment volumes compared to three-dimensional conformal approaches. Some groups advocate IMRT as the standard of care for prostate radiotherapy. For clinicians, assessment of an IMRT plan can introduce new opportunities and challenges. Although a standard IMRT plan may be deemed acceptable by meeting pre-set dose constraints, further optimisation may yield a superior treatment plan by further reducing dose to critical structures or improving target volume homogeneity. The aim of this article is to present aspects of IMRT planning relevant to clinicians to aid in plan critiquing.     

Evaluation of a Novel Field-placement Algorithm for Locoregional Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Including the Internal Mammary Chain

Aims

Irradiation of the internal mammary chain (IMC) is increasing following recently published data, but the need for formal delineation of lymph node volumes is slowing implementation in some healthcare settings. A field-placement algorithm for irradiating locoregional lymph nodes including the IMC could reduce the resource impact of introducing irradiation of the IMC. This study describes the development and evaluation of such an algorithm.

非小细胞肺癌3D-CRT与IMRT立体定向放疗剂量学比较

目的:研究三维适形(3D-CRT)和逆向调强(IMRT)两种计划方式在进行早期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)立体定向放射治疗(SBRT)的剂量学差异。方法:选取接受放射治疗的早期NSCLC患者12例,分别采用3D-CRT和IMRT技术设计SBRT治疗计划。比较两种计划方式下PTV的相关剂量学参数(CI、HI、D1%、D99%),肺、胸壁、心脏及脊髓的剂量学参数(Vx、Dmean、Dmax),以及加速器的机器跳数、治疗时间等差异。结果:在PTV相关参数比较中,3D-CRT计划的CI、HI以及D1%均差于IMRT,差异有统计学意义,P<0.05;但是两者的D99%差异无统计学意义,P>0.05。在危及器官受量的比较中,3D-CRT与IMRT计划的患侧肺V5～V40、健侧肺V5～V15、双侧肺V5～V40、胸壁V5～V40、Dmean、心脏V20～V40、Dmean及脊髓Dmax的差异均无统计学意义,P>0.05。3D-CRT计划的机器跳数及治疗时间较IMRT计划分别减少了53%和78%,P<0.05。在绝对剂量体积比较中,3D-CRT的V60～V75及V45～V60均大于IMRT,V20～V45小于IMRT,差异均无统计学意义,P>0.05。结论:IMRT计划在早期NSCLC行SBRT治疗中不具有明显的剂量学优势。考虑到IMRT实施过程的复杂性和不确定性,早期NSCLC行SBRT治疗时3D-CRT可作为首选。     

The Long and the Short of it: the Role of Short-course Radiotherapy in the Neoadjuvant Management of Rectal Cancer

Total mesorectal excision is the cornerstone of treatment for rectal cancer. Multiple randomised trials have shown a reduction in local recurrence rates with the addition of preoperative radiotherapy, either as a 1-week hypofractionated short-course (SCRT) or a conventionally fractionated long-course (LCRT) schedule with concurrent chemotherapy. There is also increasing interest in the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to radiotherapy with the aim of improving disease-free survival. The relative use of SCRT and LCRT varies considerably across the world. This is reflected in, and is probably driven in part by, disparity between international guideline recommendations. In addition, different approaches to treatment may exist both between and within countries, with variation related to patient, disease and treatment centre and financial factors. In this review, we will specifically focus on the use of SCRT for the treatment of rectal cancer. We will discuss the literature base and current guidelines, highlighting the challenges and controversies in clinical application of this evidence. We will also discuss potential future applications of SCRT, including its role in optimisation and intensification of treatment for rectal cancer.     

A Randomised Phase II Clinical Trial Comparing the Deliverability and Acute Toxicity of Wide Tangent versus Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy to the Breast and Internal Mammary Chain

AimsInclusion of the internal mammary chain in the radiotherapy target volume (IMC-RT) improves disease-free and overall survival in higher risk breast cancer patients, but increases radiation doses to heart and lungs. Dosimetric data show that either modified wide-tangential fields (WT) or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) together with [AQ1]voluntary deep inspiration breath hold (vDIBH) keep mean heart doses below 4 Gy in most patients. However, the impact on departmental resources has not yet been documented. This phase II clinical trial compared the time taken to deliver IMC-RT using either WT and vDIBH or VMAT and vDIBH, together with planning time, dosimetry, set-up reproducibility and toxicity.Materials and methodsLeft-sided breast cancer patients requiring IMC-RT were randomised to receive either WT(vDIBH) or VMAT radiotherapy. The primary outcome was treatment time, powered to detect a minimum difference of 75 min (5 min/fraction) between techniques. The population mean displacement, systematic error and random error for cone beam computed tomography chest wall matches in three directions of movement were calculated. Target volume and organ at risk doses were compared between groups. Side-effects, including skin (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), lung and oesophageal toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 4.03) rates, were compared between the groups over 3 months. Patient-reported outcome measures, including shoulder toxicity at baseline, 6 months and 1 year, were compared.ResultsTwenty-one patients were recruited from a single UK centre between February 2017 and January 2018. The mean (standard deviation) total treatment time per fraction for VMAT treatments was 13.2 min (1.7 min) compared with 28.1 min (3.3 min) for WT(vDIBH). There were no statistically significant differences in patient set-up errors in between groups. The average mean heart dose for WT(vDIBH) was 2.6 Gy compared with 3.4 Gy for VMAT(vDIBH) (P = 0.13). The mean ipsilateral lung V_17Gy was 32.8% in the WT(vDIBH) group versus 34.4% in the VMAT group (P = 0.2). The humeral head (mean dose 16.8 Gy versus 2.8 Gy), oesophagus (maximum dose 37.3 Gy versus 20.1 Gy) and thyroid (mean dose 22.0 Gy versus 11.2 Gy) all received a statistically significantly higher dose in the VMAT group. There were no statistically significant differences in skin, lung or oesophageal toxicity within 3 months of treatment. Patient-reported outcomes of shoulder toxicity, pain, fatigue, breathlessness and breast symptoms were similar between groups at 1 year.ConclusionVMAT(vDIBH) and WT(vDIBH) are feasible options for locoregional breast radiotherapy including the IMC. VMAT improves nodal coverage and delivers treatment more quickly, resulting in less breath holds for the patient. This is at the cost of increased dose to some non-target tissues. The latter does not appear to translate into increased toxicity in this small study.     

Radiothérapie adaptative : stratégies et bénéfices selon les localisations tumorales

Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is a complexe image-guided radiotherapy modality that comprises multiple planning to account for anatomical variations occurring during irradiation. Schematically, two strategies of RTA can be distinguished and combined according to tumor locations. One or more replanning can be proposed to correct systematic variations such as tumor shrinkage. A library of treatment plans with day-to-day plan selection from cone-beam CT imaging can also be proposed to correct random variations such as uterine motion or bladder/rectum volume changes. Because of strong anatomical variations occurring during irradiation, RTA appears therefore particularly justified in head and neck, lung, bladder, cervical and rectum and pancreas tumors, and to a lesser extent for prostate tumors and other digestive tumors. For these tumor locations, ART provides a fairly clear dosimetric benefit but a clinical benefit not yet formally demonstrated. ART cannot be proposed in a routine practice but must be evaluated medico-economically in the context of prospective trials. A rigorous quality control must be associated.