超声醇提黄花蒿残渣总黄酮的工艺优化及抗氧化活性

以提取青蒿素后黄花蒿残渣为原料,采用超声醇提总黄酮。通过单因素实验方法和正交实验方法确定了最佳提取工艺条件;考察所得黄酮纯化物对羟基自由基的清除能力,与抗坏血酸、柠檬酸对比测定其对油脂的抗氧化性能。结果表明,黄花蒿残渣中总黄酮超声辅助提取的最佳提取工艺为:按料液比1∶30(即每克固体物料加入30 mL液体物料,下同)加入体积分数50%的乙醇,在55℃下用200 W超声辅助提取40 min,黄花蒿残渣中总黄酮提取率可达到9.10%。该黄酮纯化物对羟基自由基具有清除能力,随质量浓度的增大而升高;黄酮纯化物对油脂有明显的抗氧化性作用,对植物油的抗氧化能力强于抗坏血酸和柠檬酸,对动物油脂的抗氧化能力稍弱于抗坏血酸而略强于柠檬酸。     

超声醇提黄花蒿残渣总黄酮的工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

以提取青蒿素后黄花蒿残渣为原料,采用超声醇提总黄酮。通过单因素实验方法和正交实验方法确定了最佳提取工艺条件;同时也考察所得黄酮纯化物对油脂的抗氧化性能,并与抗坏血酸、柠檬酸的抗氧化性进行了比较。结果表明：黄花蒿残渣中总黄酮超声辅助提取的最佳提取工艺为：按料液比1∶30 (g：mL)加入体积分数50%的乙醇,在55℃条件下用200 W超声辅助提取40 min,黄花蒿残渣中总黄酮提取率可达到9.10%。该黄酮纯化物对羟基自由基具有清除能力,随浓度的增大而升高;黄酮纯化物对油脂有明显的抗氧化性作用;对植物油的抗氧化能力强于抗坏血酸和柠檬酸;对动物油脂的抗氧化能力稍弱于抗坏血酸而略强于柠檬酸     

相思藤多糖的提取工艺及体外抗氧化研究

利用超声波提取相思藤多糖,采用单因素实验和正交实验,研究料液比、超声功率、超声提取温度和超声作用时间对相思藤多糖提取效果的影响。并通过对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)和·OH的清除实验结果和Fe3+还原实验结果来评价相思藤多糖的抗氧化活性。结果得出优化工艺条件为:相思藤干粉1g,蒸馏水60mL,提取温度60℃,超声功率180 W,作用时间80 min,在此条件下相思藤多糖的提取率为13.30%。抗氧化试验结果显示相思藤多糖对DPPH·和·OH的清除能力以及对Fe3+的还原能力都较强,且在一定范围内其抗氧化作用与浓度呈现良好的量效关系。相思藤多糖具有较强的抗氧化活性,为相思藤的资源利用和开发提供依据。     

阿尔泰金莲花总黄酮的抗氧化活性研究

为研究阿尔泰金莲花总黄酮的抗氧化活性,以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,测定阿尔泰金莲花总黄酮的粗提物和纯化物、荭草苷、牡荆素对DPPH自由基、·O~-_2、·OH的清除率。结果表明,阿尔泰金莲花总黄酮具有较高的抗氧化活性,其粗提物和纯化物对DPPH自由基、·O~-_2、·OH均具有一定的清除作用,且具有一定的量效关系,其中,阿尔泰金莲花总黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除作用最强,阿尔泰金莲花总黄酮纯化物的抗氧化活性高于粗提物。     

黄精总黄酮的提取工艺优化及抗氧化研究

为了探究黄精总黄酮的最佳提取工艺及其抗氧化能力，用超声波辅助提取的方法，通过单因素和正交实验，得到最佳提取工艺；并以抗坏血酸为对照，用DPPH自由基的清除率评价黄精总黄酮的抗氧化活性。通过实验分析得到影响提取顺序为料液比、温度、乙醇浓度、提取时间，正交试验的最佳提取工艺为A₂B₃C₁D₁;黄精总黄酮对DPPH自由基有显著的清除能力。该工艺易操作、方便、提取速度，抗氧化活性较好，对黄精总黄酮的提取、利用和保健药品开发具有一定的参考价值。     

羊蹄甲果荚总黄酮提取工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

以羊蹄甲果荚为原料,乙醇为提取溶剂,通过单因素和正交试验对回流提取羊蹄甲果荚总黄酮工艺进行优化;并通过考察羊蹄甲果荚总黄酮对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH·)和羟基自由基(·OH)的清除能力来评价其抗氧化性。结果表明,羊蹄甲果荚总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数为:提取时间5 h、料液比1:30(g:mL)、提取温度80℃、乙醇体积分数80%。在此优化工艺条件下,提取液中总黄酮含量为10.837 mg·g~(-1)。羊蹄甲果荚总黄酮对DPPH自由基(IC_(50)=34.511μg·mL~(-1))和羟基自由基(IC_(50)=0.090mg·mL~(-1))具有一定的清除作用,表明其具有一定的体外抗氧化活性。     

薜荔果总黄酮提取工艺及抗氧化性研究

以薜荔果为研究对象,采用超声波辅助法提取薜荔果总黄酮,通过单因素实验和正交试验设计确定最佳提取工艺条件,并从对·OH、DPPH·及·NO的清除效果研究薜荔果总黄酮的抗氧化活性。结果表明,薜荔果总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件:60%乙醇、1∶25(g/mL)料液比、提取温度60℃及提取时间120 min,在此条件下薜荔果总黄酮提取率为8.87%。薜荔果总黄酮对·OH、DPPH·及·NO的清除效果与浓度间存在量效关系,其中对DPPH·的清除效果较好,IC_(50)值为0.003 3 mg/mL,表明薜荔果中的总黄酮具有一定的抗氧化活性。     

超声-酶法辅助提取青叶胆多酚工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

以青叶胆为材料，采用超声-酶法辅助提取青叶胆多酚(Swertia leducii Franch.polyphenols, SLP)并研究其抗氧化性，为开发利用SLP提供参考依据。在考察单因素试验基础上，利用响应面试验优化超声-酶法辅助提取SLP工艺条件，并通过测定SLP对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟自由基(·OH)的清除率和总抗氧化能力来评价其多酚抗氧化性。结果表明，SLP最佳提取条件为：液料比29∶1(mL/g)、乙醇体积分数60%、超声温度32℃、超声时间29 min、超声功率300 W、纤维素酶用量7.0%(以青叶胆干粉质量为基准，下同),此时SLP提取量为(16.38±0.21) mg/g,与模型预测值(16.42 mg/g)接近；在质量浓度为0.007 mg/mL时，SLP对DPPH·清除能力稍弱于药维生素C清除能力，SLP对·OH清除能力和总抗氧化能力均明显强于药维生素C。超声-酶法辅助提取是一种有效提取SLP的方法；SLP具有较强的抗氧化活性，是一种具有开发潜力的抗氧化剂。     

悬铃木球果总黄酮提取及其抗氧化活性研究

以悬铃木成熟的球果为原料,通过单因素和正交试验对超声波辅助提取悬铃木总黄酮的工艺进行优化;并通过考察总黄酮对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除率来评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明,悬铃木总黄酮的最佳提取条件如下:乙醇体积分数为60%,料液比为1∶25(g/mL),超声时间30 min,超声温度60℃,在此优化条件下,总黄酮的含量为21.82 mg/g。总黄酮质量浓度为20μg/mL时,具有较强的清除自由基能力,清除DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基为85.38%和98.84%。     

梵净山野生藤茶中二氢杨梅素的提取及体外抗氧化研究

研究梵净山野生藤茶中二氢杨梅素的提取及体外抗氧化。采用超声波辅助法从梵净山野生藤茶中提取二氢杨梅素,以1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)和羟自由基(·OH)二种不同自由基体系研究二氢杨梅素的活性清除能力。结果表明:在实验浓度范围内,二氢杨梅素清除DPPH·的能力高于芦丁,二氢杨梅素浓度达到50 mg/L时,其清除率大于Vc,达到72.58%,随着二氢杨梅素浓度的增加,其清除·OH的能力逐步提高,最高可达到55.05%。因此,梵净山野生藤茶中二氢杨梅素具有较强的抗氧化能力。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。