重庆市出口榨菜种植加工过程中有害元素含量的分析

从榨菜种植的灌溉水、土壤、原料、半成品和成品出发,全面分析重庆市出口榨菜有害元素含量及其相关性,为出口榨菜的安全性评价提供科学依据。采用原子吸收分光光度法、原子荧光光度法、和电感耦合等离子体质谱法等测定采集样本中Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr和Al六种有害元素的含量。结果发现:灌溉水样Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr含量均符合国家标准,3份水样As含量超标,超标率17%;土壤样本中As、Pb和Cr含量符合国家标准,1个样本Hg含量超标,4个样本Cd含量超标,超标率分别为2.90%和11.80%;青菜头、半成品榨菜和成品榨菜中Hg、As、Cd、Pb和Cr含量全部符合国家标准的要求,成品榨菜均达到清洁水平;青菜头P综值都小于0.7,均为清洁等级;青菜头对有害元素的富集能力由大到小为CdAlHgPbAsCr,其中青菜头对Cd的平均富集系数最大,为0.09。重庆市出口榨菜种植、加工过程整体清洁状况较好,青菜头对土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb和Al的富集能力较强,故对部分区域灌溉水和土壤质量需要重点监控。     

微波消解-ICP-AES法测定泰顺茶叶中的微量元素

用硝酸-H2O2作消解剂进行微波消解,以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定泰顺地区6 种茶叶中的Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd、Cu、Se、Pb、Co、Sn、V、Cr、Ni 12 种微量元素含量。结果表明：在优化条件下,茶叶样品中所测元素的加标回收率为92.0%～106.5%,相对标准偏差小于5.0%,测定方法简便、快速、准确。所测泰顺茶叶样品含有丰富的有益微量元素,Cd、Pb、Cr等重金属元素含量均低于相关的国家限量标准。     

环神农架地区植烟土壤重金属评价及其富集特征

研究了环神农架地区主要植烟土壤91个耕层样品8种重金属元素Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg的水平,利用单冈子和内梅罗污染指数法对该区土壤重金属环境质量状况进行了评价,并探讨了该区土壤重金属的富集特征.研究结果显示:环神农架地区土壤重金属元素含量存在较大变异,以Hg和Pb变异最大,变异系数分别为60.22%和59.78%,Ni元素变异最小,变异系数为17.81%.环神农架地Ⅸ植烟土壤Cr、Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Hg含量均符合无公害生产产地标准,Ni和Zn元素分别有3个和2个样品超标,综合污染评价显示供试土壤分别有78%和22%处于清洁和尚清洁水平.以湖北省A层(0～20 cm)土壤元素背景值为基准的研究结果表明,20世纪90年代以来,环神农架地区8种重金属均存在不同程度富集,而As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni富集更为明显.     

贵州云雾茶园土壤高含量重金属和砷在茶叶中的积累与浸出特征

为了研究土壤高含量重金属和砷在茶叶中的积累与浸出行为,选择贵州省云雾土壤高含量重金属和砷茶园,采集了土壤和茶叶样品各46个,对土壤-茶叶-茶汤系统重金属和砷进行分析。结果表明：云雾茶园土壤重金属Cd、Hg和As均有部分超出土壤二级标准限量值,超标率分别为80.4%、69.6%和8.7%,该茶园土壤存在严重的Cd和Hg污染。但是,茶叶和茶汤的重金属和砷并未超标,茶叶对不同土壤重金属和砷的富集能力为Cu＞Cd＞Hg＞Pb＞Cr＞As,茶叶-茶汤系统重金属和砷浸出率最高的元素为Hg,不同重金属和砷的浸出率为Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd＞Cr,Hg和Cu在土壤-茶叶-茶汤系统具有较大富集系数和浸出率。     

蔬菜水果重金属膳食暴露评估中风险权重的确定方法

以天津塘沽地区居民日常食用的蔬菜和水果为研究对象,使用微波消解对样品进行消化,用电感耦合等离 子体质谱对样品中Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb 5 种重金属含量进行检测,结果表明蔬菜和水果部分样品存在重金属含量 超标情况,其中蔬菜Pb和水果Pb超标率均高于10%。为精确评估各种重金属对于膳食风险的贡献率,引入层次分析 法确定各元素的风险权重。应用暴露评估法和目标风险系数（target hazard quotient,THQ）将风险量化,结合THQ 值和各元素超标情况使用层次分析法计算各重金属元素风险权重。结果表明,平均暴露水平下5 种元素的风险权重 为Cr 0.141 1、As 0.157 0、Cd 0.341 1、Hg 0.040 4、Pb 0.320 4,风险等级Cd、Pb＞As、Cr＞Hg,确定了不同重金 属基于摄入量和超标情况的膳食风险贡献率,为食品中多元危害物风险评价提供了一种方法。     

常见蔬菜中重金属铅、镉、铬、砷含量测定

通过对呼和浩特主要大型超市的25种蔬菜75个样品中重金属pb、Cd、Cr、As的含量测定,探明了4个重金属元素在蔬菜中的含量状况及分布规律。采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品的重金属含量。结果表明此方法测定蔬菜中的线性范围宽,回收率好。不同蔬菜有不同程度的超标现象,其中超标最严重的为架豆,铅含量超过国标15倍,超标率100%,镉含量超标7倍之多,超标率33.3%,韭菜中的铅含量超标5倍多,超标率100%,Cr和As均未有超标现象。不同种类蔬菜对相同的重金属元素以及相同的蔬菜对不同的重金属元素的富集吸收都存在着明显的差异性;不同产地的蔬菜对重金属元素的富集吸收也存在差异性。     

即食海蜇中金属元素含量分析及食用安全性评价

为研究即食海蜇金属污染现状和食用安全性,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对即食海蜇中的Al、Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb含量进行测定。结果表明,即食海蜇中金属含量由高到低依次为AlCrPbAsHgCd, Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb均满足限量标准,部分样品中Al含量超标,超标率为2%; Al、Cr单因子污染指数分别为0.48和0.29;即食海蜇中As、Cd、Hg、Pb含量小于每周可耐受输入量比例的10%,考虑到Al、Cr含量较高,长期大量食用即食海蜇对人体健康存在潜在风险,建议居民人均每周摄入量不超过0.055 7 kg。     

湘莲不同器官中常见重金属含量检测及富集特征分析

目的:了解湘莲种植区底泥及湘莲不同器官中常见重金属含量,进而探究湘莲各部位对重金属的富集转移特征。方法:以湖南省典型湘莲种植区为研究对象,通过ICP-OES检测底泥及湘莲不同器官中Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn含量;采用生物富集系数(BCF)和生物转移系数(TF)评价湘莲对重金属的富集转移特征。结果:底泥中Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn含量均值分别为0.73,176.28,40.48,27.61,28.07,95.57,311.68 mg/kg,与NY/T 391—2021限量值相比,Cd、Cr、Pb含量的超标率分别为100%,75%,10%。湘莲中7种重金属的最高富集器官：莲芯中为Cd、Cu、Zn,莲根中为Cr、Pb,去芯莲肉中为Ni,莲叶中为Mn,其含量均值分别为0.20,13.64,78.58,14.66,2.23,1.11,924.03 mg/kg。仅莲茎和莲叶中的BCF_Mn均值>1,各器官中的TF_Cu值均>1。结论:研究区以Cd污染相对严重;湘莲不同器官重金属含量不同,莲茎及莲叶对Mn有较强富集作用,...     

水煮加工对3 种海产贝类中重金属元素形态的影响

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱和原子荧光形态检测法分析宁海、象山、舟山3 个养殖区内常见3 种海产贝类（牡蛎、缢蛏、血蚶）中Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb、As、Hg等重金属的总含量,并采用化学逐级提取法系统研究水煮加工前后贝类中Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb重金属的形态分布和As、Hg中有机和无机的形态分布。结果表明,3 个养殖区牡蛎、缢蛏、血蚶中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、As均有不同程度的超标,且Cu和Cd、Cr和Pb之间存在显著相关性,As的超标检出率达77.78%,Hg的残留量均低于限量标准;此外金属形态分析研究结果表明,水煮加工方式对Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb中酸可提取态、氧化结合态、有机结合态和残余态的含量影响较大,而对As和Hg的有机态和无机态影响较小。海洋贝类中重金属元素的含量和水煮加工前后该元素形态的变化量可作为评价海洋贝类中重金属生物有效性的指标。     

9 种近海鱼重金属污染状况及食用安全性评价

为探究近海鱼重金属污染状况及其食用健康风险,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法、液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对蓝圆鲹、蓝点马鲛等9 种近海鱼的头、尾、皮、骨、鱼肉和内脏中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、铬（Cr）、总砷（As）、无机砷和总汞（Hg）的含量进行测定,并采用污染指数法和目标危害系数法等方法进行评价。结果表明：54 组样品中有9 组Cr含量超过国家标准（GB 2762—2017《食品中污染物限量》）,超标率16.67%;7 组样品Cd含量超标,超标率12.96%;2 组样品Pb含量超标,超标率3.70%;无机As、总Hg含量均未超标。分析近海鱼不同部位重金属含量,54 组样品中有7 组鱼内脏重金属含量超标,超标率12.96%;鱼头、鱼尾各有3 组重金属含量超标,超标率5.56%;鱼肉中重金属含量均未超标。单因子污染评价结果显示,Cr污染最为严重,Cd次之,之后是Pb。无机As及总Hg相对污染指数最低。综合污染指数评价显示,沙丁鱼内脏最高,达到3.877,处于重度污染级别。蓝圆鲹、蓝点马鲛、鲭鱼和金线鱼的内脏的综合污染指数属于中度污染级别。所有鱼肉组织的单一和多种重金属复合风险系数均小于1。由此可见,近海鱼中内脏重金属污染较严重,但鱼肉食用均安全。本研究将为近海鱼类的日常食用及其下脚料综合开发提供安全指导。     

Concentrations and bioconcentration factors of minerals in yellow-cracking bolete (xerocomus subtomentosus) mushroom collected in noteć forest, poland

Abstract: Yellow‐cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil were collected from Note? Forest–a large forested enclave in western part of Poland. Mercury was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopy and the other elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. K, P, and Mg were particularly abundant, with mean values of 46000, 8400, and 1100 mg/kg dry weight (dw) in caps followed by Na, Rb, Zn, and Ca with mean concentrations of 580, 350, 200, and 170 mg/kg dw, respectively. In descending order, the mean concentrations of Fe, Al, Cu, and Mn were 52, 49, 46, and 14 mg/kg dw, while the mean for the remaining elements was around 1.0 mg/kg dw or less. The elements such as Ca, Cu, Hg, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, Zn, Ag, Cd, and Ni were accumulated (with bioconcentration factor (BCF) > 1), while Al, Ba, Fe, Mn, Sr, Co, Cr, and Pb were excluded (BCF < 1) in the fruiting bodies. The Pb and Cd content did not exceed the maximum levels set by the EU for cultivated mushrooms. Mercury in a conventional meal (300 g) portion of Yellow‐cracking Bolete was far below the provisionally tolerable weekly intake of 0.004 mg/kg body weight (bw) as reevaluated recently by WHO. Practical Application: The method presented in this study allows one to determine the content of 20 elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn) in caps and stipes of Yellow‐cracking Bolete (Xerocomus subtomentosus) mushrooms and soil samples collected from Poland. This study has revealed that the total Cd, Hg, and Pb dose provided to human body due to consumption of Yellow‐cracking Bolete does not pose threat to a consumer's health.     

Partitioning of metal species during an enriched fuel combustion experiment. speciation in the gaseous and particulate phases

Combustion processes are the most important source of metal in the atmosphere and need to be better understood to improve flue gas treatment and health impact studies. This combustion experiment was designed to study metal partitioning and metal speciation in the gaseous and particulate phases. A light fuel oil was enriched with 15 organometallic compounds of the following elements: Pb, Hg, As, Cu, Zn, Cd, Se, Sn, Mn, V, Tl, Ni, Co, Cr, and Sb. The resulting mixture was burnt in a pilot-scale fuel combustion boiler under controlled conditions. After filtration of the particles, the gaseous species were sampled in the stack through a heated sampling tube simultaneously by standardized washing bottles-based sampling techniques and cryogenically. The cryogenic samples were collected at -80 degrees C for further speciation analysis by LT/GC-ICPMS. Three species of selenium and two of mercury were evidenced as volatile species in the flue gas. Thermodynamic predictions and experiments suggest the following volatile metal species to be present in the flue gas: H2Se, CSSe, CSe2, SeCl2, Hg(0), and HgCl2. Quantification of volatile metal species in comparison between cryogenic techniques and the washing bottles-based sampling method is also discussed. Concerning metal partitioning, the results indicated that under these conditions, at least 60% (by weight) of the elements Pb, Sn, Cu, Co, Tl, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Sb mixed to the fuel were found in the particulate matter. For As and Se, 37 and 17%, respectively, were detected in the particles, and no particulate mercury was found. Direct metal speciation in particles was performed by XPS allowing the determination of the oxidation state of the following elements: Sb(V), Tl(III), Mn(IV), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), V(V), and Cu(II). Water soluble species of inorganic Cr, As, and Se in particulate matter were determined by HPLC/ICP-MS and identified in the oxidation state Cr(III), As(V), and Se(IV).     

双壳贝类养殖水体中Hg、Pb、Cd安全限量的研究

双壳贝类富集重金属会给消费者食用安全造成危害。本文以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapesphilippinarum)为研究对象,采用生物富集双箱动力学模型测定双壳贝类对3种重金属Hg、Pb、Cd的生物富集动力学参数。结果表明:贝类对重金属的生物富集和排出都较缓慢,经过30d生物富集未达到稳态平衡,Hg、Pb、Cd的生物富集系数BCF分别为1030、935和378,生物半衰期处在18～33d范围内。参考欧盟和我国菲律宾蛤仔标准中关于Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量,通过BCF计算得到菲律宾蛤仔养殖水体中Hg、Pb、Cd的安全限量分别为0.0005、0.01和0.026mg/L。     

Bioaccessibility of metals in dust from the indoor environment: application of a physiologically based extraction test

A physiologically based extraction test, simulating sequential digestion in the stomach and intestine, has been applied to dust samples collected from various domestic and working settings to define bioaccessible concentrations of metals (Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, U, Zn) in the indoor environment. With the exception of Ca, Cd, and Zn in the stomach phase, mean bioaccessibilities (relative to respective total metal concentrations) were less than 50%. For a given metal, bioaccessibility in either phase was variable among samples but, in many cases, displayed an inverse dependence on total concentration. This suggests that, to a good approximation, variations in both metal contamination and accessibility in the indoor environment arise from variable proportions of metal-rich particulates of low digestibility. Compared with accessibility in the stomach, accessibility in the more alkaline, carbonate-rich intestine was either lower (Al, Ca, Cd, Mn, Ni, Sn, Pb, Zn), similar (Co, Cu, Fe) or greater (Cr, U). We attribute these observations to precipitation and/or readsorption in the intestine, stabilization by complexation, or anion-like adsorption of negatively charged, polyatomic species, respectively.     

临沂植烟土壤重金属空间分布特征与生态健康风险评价

土壤重金属空间分布与风险评价对土壤重金属污染防治具有重要的指导意义。以传统适宜烤烟种植区山东省临沂市为研究对象,通过布点采样和地理信息系统制图,分析了土壤重金属的空间分布以及地区、土类间的差异,采用地积累指数、污染指数分析了土壤重金属富集污染水平,并对土壤重金属潜在生态风险和人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,临沂植烟耕层土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn平均含量分别为3.85、0.09、47.56、14.45、0.07、18.04、17.82和29.21 mg/kg;空间分布上,北部、中部和西南地区土壤重金属含量相对较高;8种重金属中仅Cd和Hg在部分土壤中表现出富集和污染;土壤重金属潜在生态风险大小顺序为Hg > Cd > As > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr > Zn,其中部分土壤Cd和Hg对当地环境具有显著潜在生态风险;而土壤中所有重金属均没有显著的人体健康风险。因此,临沂植烟土壤存在一定程度的Cd和Hg污染风险,应采取措施进行控制。     

Quantity estimation of some contaminants in commonly used medicinal plants in the Egyptian market

Pesticide residues, heavy metal contents and aflatoxins were estimated in five medicinal plants frequently used by both infants and adults (peppermint, chamomile, anise, caraway and tilio). Samples were collected from different sources in the Egyptian market. Results showed that malathion, dimethoate and profenofos predominated in most of the analysed samples. On the other hand, the lowest mean levels were detected with aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane and lindane. Chlorpyrifos, parathion, diazinon and endosulfan were not detectable in most of the samples under investigation. The results indicated that some of the collected samples contained some types of organophosphorus and orgnochlorine pesticide residues, within the limits of The Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control (EOS) maximum limits for pesticide residues on medicinal aromatic plants (1991) and Pharmeuropa (1993). Heavy metal contents in the collected samples, i.e. Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Sn and Ni, were found at different levels. The highest mean levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe were found in chamomile flower samples, while those of Cd, Cr and Mn, were detected in peppermint and of Ni, Co and Sn in caraway samples. The results also showed that the most frequently isolated fungi were penicillium sp., A. niger and Fusarium sp. Nevertheless, the finding of natural mycotoxin contamination was negative in all samples.     

A survey of metal contents in some popular brands of wines in the Nigerian market: estimation of dietary intake and target hazard quotients

The concentrations of metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn) were examined in some popular brands of wine in the Nigerian market after HNO₃/H₂O₂ digestion by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean concentrations (mg/L) of metals in these categories of wines ranged from 0.01 to 0.02, 0.27 to 0.35, 0.10 to 0.12, 0.02 to 0.02, 0.15 to 0.21, 0.09 to 0.10, 3.47 to 4.55, 0.79 to 0.86 and 0.78 to 1.10 for Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn, respectively. The estimated dietary intakes of metals based on the ingestion of 250?mL/day of these brands of wine were below the specified provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) value for each metal. However, only Pb intake from the consumption of these wines constituted 31–41% of its PTDI value as a single source. The estimated target hazard quotients (THQ) for the metals (except for Pb and Cr) are of concern in that they were above the safe level of THQ?相似文献   

江西抚州烟区土壤及烟叶重金属污染状况评价

为了弄清江西抚州烟区土壤和烟叶中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg等重金属含量和污染状况,运用内梅罗指数和相关分析法,对这些重金属元素在土壤和烟叶中的含量进行了测定。结果表明,该烟区土壤中重金属含量总体上低于我国土壤二级标准（GB15618-1995）,但其污染程度已处于警戒线水平,Cd和Hg为烟区土壤主要风险因子。土壤和烟叶中重金属含量顺序分别为Zn> Pb> Cr> Cu> Ni> As> Cd> Hg和Zn> Cu> Pb> Cd> Cr> Ni> As> Hg,土壤中Hg、Cd、As和烟叶中Ni、Cr变异系数均较大。烟叶中重金属富集系数顺序为Cd> Zn> Cu> Hg> Ni> Cr> Pb> As,烟叶Cd富集系数高达11.67,表明烟草属于Cd强烈富集作物。     

Toxic and micronutrient elements in organic,brown and polished rice in Brazil

Concentration levels of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, Sn, Sb Co, Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, Cr, Ni and Mo in different types of rice cultivated in irrigated fields in Brazil were evaluated. Arsenic, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn and Cu were found in higher concentrations in brown rice samples, suggesting the prevalence of these elements in the bran. Meanwhile, lower concentrations of Pb, Mo, Cr, Se and Co were found in parboiled rice. Organic rice did not differ of cultivated conventionally rice. Thallium, Hg and Sb were not detected in any rice sample whose limits of detection were 0.7 μg kg^?1, 2.5 μg kg^?1 and 8 μg kg^?1, respectively. The concentrations of the investigated elements were compared with those reported for polished rice and brown rice from other countries, unveiling concentrations in general at the same level for rice produced at non-contaminated sites.