Wavelet transform applications in power system dynamics

This paper proposes the use of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to analyze and locate the low frequency oscillations of power systems, which can result in a loss of stability or in a black-out. The proposed DWT applied to active power signal is tested and compared with more conventional approaches of Prony and Eigenvalue analyses. The DWT also enables estimation of the total active power imbalance of a system. Estimation performances of different wavelet families are tested. Based on the proposed DWT of electromechanical transient oscillations, the DWT is also applied to identify the network nodes in the neighbourhood of the original disturbance. The performance of the proposed DWT is evaluated on the New England (NE) 39-bus test system.     

基于GA和ELM的电能质量扰动识别特征选择方法

电力系统中海量暂态扰动的分析与治理需要以高效准确的扰动分类为基础。现有扰动识别方法缺少合理的特征选择环节,分类器过于复杂,不能满足高效分类的需要。提出一种新的电能质量扰动特征选择方法。首先,对原始信号使用S变换进行预处理,提取具有代表性的25种扰动信号特征构建原始特征集合;然后,根据极限学习机识别准确率构造用于扰动特征选择的遗传算法适应度函数;最后,用遗传算法来进行迭代运算,确定最优特征集合。实验证明,新方法能够有效去除冗余特征,在保证分类准确率前提下,有效降低分类器复杂度,提高分类效率。     

Characterization of power quality disturbances using hybrid technique of linear Kalman filter and fuzzy-expert system

This paper presents a hybrid technique for characterizing power quality (PQ) disturbances. The hybrid technique is based on Kalman filter for extracting three parameters (amplitude, slope of amplitude, harmonic indication) from the captured distorted waveform. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to help Kalman filter to give a good performance; the captured distorted waveform is passed through the DWT to determine the noise inside it and the covariance of this noise is fed together with the captured voltage waveform to the Kalman filter. The three parameters are the inputs to fuzzy-expert system that uses some rules on these inputs to characterize the PQ events in the captured waveform. This hybrid technique can classify two simultaneous PQ events such as sag and harmonic or swell and harmonic. Several simulation and experimental data are used to validate the proposed technique. The results depict that the proposed technique has the ability to accurately identify and characterize PQ disturbances.     

基于二维离散平稳小波的电能质量扰动分类

针对电能质量扰动分类这一难题,提出一种基于二维离散平稳小波的分类方法。首先对信号进行一层二维小波变换,得到一个低频分量和水平、垂直和斜线3个高频分量,利用这4个部分的信号能量组成特征向量,再通过水平高频系数的模极大值将稳态和暂态扰动分开,分别建立稳态和暂态神经网络实现分类。该方法只需要采用最简单的小波函数db1对信号进行一层小波变换,对噪声不敏感,简单易行。仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

基于相空间重构和支持向量机的电能扰动分类方法

电能扰动的分类需要信号特性提取和分类器构造2个阶段,文中采用相空间重构和支持向量机的组合,提出了一种全新的电能扰动信号的分类方法。首先利用相空间重构方法构造扰动信号轨迹,通过编码获得二进制轨迹图像。针对该图像定义了4类具有区别性的指标,以表征不同扰动类型的特性。然后将特性指标作为支持向量机分类器的输入矢量,实现自动分类识别。算例表明该方法计算量少,正确率高,所需训练样本少,可以有效分类识别电压暂降、电压瞬升、电压中断、脉冲振荡、谐波、闪变等6种电能扰动。     

Signal Processing and Deep Learning Techniques for Power Quality Events Monitoring and Classification

Abstract

Power quality disturbances (PQDs) have major challenges in embedded generation systems, renewable energy networks, and HVDC/HVAC electrical power transmission networks. Due to PQDs, electrical power network can have disruption in the protection system, security system, and energy-saving system. PQDs also affect the operation cost and consistency of electrical power systems. This paper presents an innovative method based on compressive sensing (CS), singular spectrum analysis (SSA), wavelet transform (WT) and deep neural network (DNN) for monitoring and classification of PQDs. Feature extraction and selection is an essential part of the classification of PQDs. In this paper, initially, SSA time-series tool and multi-resolution wavelet transform are introduced to extract the features of PQDs, and then CS technique is used to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted features. Finally, DNN-based classifier is used to classify the single-and-combined PQDs. The DNN architecture is constructed utilizing the restricted Boltzmann machine, which is then fine-tuned by back-propagation. The heart of this paper is to enhance the classification and monitoring accuracy and comparison of the results of WT-based classifier with SSA-based classifier. The proposed method is tested using 15 types of single and combined PQDs. These disturbances are transitory in the transmission and distribution networks such as voltage sag, swell, transient, interruption, harmonic, etc. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the SSA-based DNN classifier has significantly higher potential than the WT-based classifier to classify the power quality events under noisy and noiseless conditions.     

High impedance fault detection methodology using wavelet transform and artificial neural networks

This paper presents a new technique based on the combination of wavelet transform (WT) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for addressing the problem of high impedance faults (HIFs) detection in electrical distribution feeders. The change in phase current waveforms caused by faults and normal switching events has been used in this methodology. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) used decomposes the time domain current signals into different harmonics in time-frequency domain and extracts special features to train ANNs. This preprocessing reduces the number of inputs to ANN and improves the training convergence. The ANN structure and learning algorithm used in this method is the multilayer perceptron network and Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithm, respectively.The signal data of several HIFs, low impedance faults (LIFs) and normal switching events have been obtained by the simulation of a real distribution network, with five feeders, under these different operations conditions, using SimPowerSystem Blockset of MATLAB. The results obtained have validated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology to detect HIFs and discriminate them from normal transient operations.     

An effective wavelet-based feature extraction method for classification of power quality disturbance signals

This paper presents a wavelet norm entropy-based effective feature extraction method for power quality (PQ) disturbance classification problem. The disturbance classification schema is performed with wavelet-neural network (WNN). It performs a feature extraction and a classification algorithm composed of a wavelet feature extractor based on norm entropy and a classifier based on a multi-layer perceptron. The PQ signals used in this study are seven types. The performance of this classifier is evaluated by using total 2800 PQ disturbance signals which are generated the based model. The classification performance of different wavelet family for the proposed algorithm is tested. Sensitivity of WNN under different noise conditions which are different levels of noises with the signal to noise ratio is investigated. The rate of average correct classification is about 92.5% for the different PQ disturbance signals under noise conditions.     

基于卡尔曼滤波误差的电能质量扰动检测

检测电压或电流波形畸变时刻对扰动波形捕捉、电能质量扰动类型分类、暂态数据压缩等都有重要意义。为了更准确地检测电压或电流波形畸变发生时刻,提出了由线性卡尔曼滤波器的误差序列来实时检测电能质量扰动的时域方法。它根据误差序列的突然变化来确定扰动发生的时刻。此模型下卡尔曼滤波器增益系数K、误差协方差矩阵P与测量数据无关,可以离线计算,计算量小。基于PSCAD/EM TDC和M atlab的仿真表明此方法能准确定位电压跌落/上升及电容器投切等引起的暂态过程的起止时刻,并且对系统频率偏移有鲁棒性。误差序列的计算可以在两采样点之间完成,可用廉价的DSP芯片实现电能质量的实时检测。     

基于小波分形和核判别分析的模拟电路故障诊断

提出了采用小波分形分析和核判别分析作为预处理器来实行特征提取的神经网络模拟电路故障诊断方法。这个诊断方法采用小波分形分析方法首先获取了故障响应信号的小波分形维特征,然后采用核判别分析进一步实施特征提取,最后将所获得的最优特征模式作为神经网络分类器的输入以进行故障诊断。仿真结果表明,本文提出的预处理方法能很好地获取故障响应信号的本质特征,并表现出了比其他特征提取方法更好的性能。并且,由此所构建的神经网络不但具有小的网络结构,而且能取得高的故障诊断正确率。     

基于二元树复小波能量熵测度的局放模式识别

二元树复小波变换(DT-CWT)在时域和频域都具有表征信号局部特征的能力,且二元树复小波还具备近似平移不变、多方向选择、完全重构和高效计算等优点。而基于小波的信息熵能反映信号统计分布特征,突出系统信号中短暂的异常信号,达到及早发现可能故障的目的。笔者对4种典型绝缘缺陷产生的局部放电脉冲波形进行二元树复小波分解,将提取每层分解系数上的能量特征和小波能量熵测度作为模式识别的特征量。通过大量的试验获得放电样本,用构建的BP神经网络作为分类器,对4种典型绝缘缺陷产生的局部放电进行了有效识别,结果表明:采用此特征量的神经网络识别方法简单、有效、实用,为局部放电信号的识别提供了有效的参考。     

电能质量扰动分类的改进std_MRA曲线分类法

为了对电能质量进行有效治理,以提高用电效率,有必要对电能质量进行快速检测和准确分类。首先介绍std_MRA曲线分类法,提出多分辨率信号分解技术,该技术在分析暂态信号时非常有效,不仅能对电能质量扰动进行分类,而且能分辨相似干扰。在std_MRA曲线分类法的基础上提出改进的std_MRA曲线分类法—利用多分辨率信号分解技术对信号进行分解,绘出改进的std_MRA曲线对扰动信号进行分类。Matlab仿真表明,该方法不仅能对常见扰动进行准确分类,而且运算量小。     

牵引供电系统异常扰动在线识别与评估算法

牵引供电系统中的异常电气扰动产生的暂态/稳态的过电压、过电流具有特征相近、频率分开范围大、捕捉困难等特点,造成扰动事件的类型判定与扰动的关键模态、参数辨识困难。因此,提出一种基于奇异谱分析和Hilbert变换的扰动特征提取算法,实现了对不同异常扰动类型的在线快速识别;改进了总体最小二乘求解的旋转不变技术参数估计(TLS-ESPRIT)算法以精确获取扰动的关键模态参数,并根据各扰动的特征及扰动的关键模态参数定义了扰动严重程度评估指标;利用上述算法对仿真数据和现场实测数据进行验证,结果表明所提算法可以有效、快速地识别牵引供电系统异常扰动类型并对其严重程度进行评估。     

基于小波和改进神经树的电能质量扰动分类

准确地识别和分类电能质量扰动对分析和综合治理电能质量问题具有重要意义。提出了一种基于小波和改进神经树的电能质量扰动分类方法。该方法利用小波分解扰动信号到各个频带,在基频频带、谐波频带和高频带上分别计算其能量值和小波系数熵作为特征值,另计算基波频带扰动过程的均方根作为特征的补充,融合能量值、熵和均方根值作为扰动判断的特征向量,规范化后输入到改进神经树分类器进行训练和分类。改进神经树分类器是由神经网络和决策树及其分类规则构成。仿真表明,该方法提取特征值的计算量小且融合后的特征向量能够很好地体现不同扰动信号之间的差异信息,构造的改进神经树分类器结合了神经网络和决策树在模式分类中各自的优点,结构简单且表现出良好的收敛性、全局最优性和泛化性,分类准确率较高,能够有效地识别七种常见的电能质量扰动。     

基于2D—ResNet的船舶电力系统电能质量扰动识别

为实现船舶电力系统电能质量扰动准确识别,结合深度学习提出基于二维残差网络(2D-ResNet)的电能质量扰动识别方法。首先将电能质量一维时间序列通过距离矩阵转化为二维平面图,随后将图像送入所提二维残差网络中提取特征。最终输出特征图通过线性层分类器得到识别结果,实现船舶电力系统电能质量扰动的在线识别。与现有特征提取方法相比,不同信噪比下该方法扰动识别准确率均最高。信噪比为20 dB时,单标签分类平均准确率为93.86%,多标签分类平均F1-score为96.52%,证明了2D-ResNet能有效提取扰动特征且对噪声具备鲁棒性。对于未知复合扰动,单标签分类器识别失败,而多标签分类器准确识别出扰动中的未知成分,且F1-score达到93%,证明了多标签分类适用于未知复合扰动识别。     

基于连续小波变换的电能质量测量与分类

提出了用连续小波变换CWT(Continuous Wavelet Transform)实现对短时电能质量SDPQD(Short Duration Power Quality Disturbances)检测与分类的新方法。该方法弥补了离散小波难以对谐波精确检测的缺点,通过计算小波系数的能量分布曲线,有效地区分出谐波(可以同时存在多种,包括分数次谐波)、暂态振荡、暂态脉冲、电压凹陷、电压凸起及电压间断等各种扰动,并能实现扰动的各项指标测定。在测定电压扰动幅度方面,提出了使用基于小波变换系数的电压扰动幅度确定法则。仿真结果表明,该方法对电能质量各种扰动分类有效,特别是对谐波检测及电压扰动幅度定位准确、快速,是一种综合性强、实用性好的检测方法。     

基于S变换和分类树的电网暂态电能质量扰动分类辨识

针对暂态电能质量的检测分析,分别在强弱两种噪声背景下运用S变换的不同方法对暂态多扰动信号进行定位检测.对于暂态多扰动的分类辨识,运用了基于S变换和分类树相结合的暂态电能质量多扰动分类辨识方法,首先运用S变换对暂态多扰动信号进行时频分析,然后提取扰动信号的特征量,最后生成用于对暂态多扰动信号进行分类的决策树分类辨识方法,...     

Study of a new method for power system transients classification based on wavelet entropy and neural network

The detection and classification of transient signals are widely applied in many fields of power system. The study of transient signal detection and classification is a sustaining focus of researchers as well as a difficult issue. There are still many problems needed to be solved in this area. Based on the wavelet transform (WT), the idea of entropy and weight coefficient is introduced, and the wavelet energy entropy (WEE) and wavelet entropy weight (WEW) are defined in this paper. The distribution picture of WEE and WEW along with scales are presented for the first time. PSCAD/EMTDC models for six types of transients, namely breaker switching, capacitor switching, short circuit fault, primary arc, lightning disturbance and lightning strike fault, are constructed. With WEE and WEW, the eigenvectors for the six transients are established and a model which uses the eigenvectors as the input of the BP (back-propagation) neural network is set up to realize the classification of these transients. The simulation has been executed based on a 500 kV transmission line model in China and the results show that feature extraction based on WEE and WEW can effectively discover the useful local features. With the help of neural network classifier, it has effective classifying result. This method is applicable in the power system.     

能源互联网多能扰动识别的数据流处理模型

电能、燃气、热能等多能源融合使能源在生产—调配—使用过程中极易发生多能扰动,传统的离线扰动识别方法很难满足能源互联网实时性的要求,采用数据流处理技术可对多能扰动信号进行在线识别。从能源互联网的能量—信息交互入手,对能源互联网多能扰动问题进行分析,为不同扰动信号建立数学模型。采用小波变换对扰动信号进行分解,并基于滑动窗口构建扰动信号的数据流处理模型。该模型首先构建滑动窗口概要数据结构,其次改进小波树更新算法以实现概要结构快速更新,优化扰动信号特征提取,最后采用决策树算法对信号特征进行分类。构建的数据流处理模型被应用到电能质量扰动和燃气质量扰动的识别中,验证该数据流处理模型的有效性。     

Power quality disturbance classificationbased on time-frequency domain multifeatureand decision tree

Accurate classification of power quality disturbance is the premise and basis for improving and governing power quality. A method for power quality disturbance classification based on time-frequency domain multi-feature and decision tree is presented. Wavelet transform and S-transform are used to extract the feature quantity of each power quality disturbance signal, and a decision tree with classification rules is then constructed for classification and recognition based on the extracted feature quantity. The classification rules and decision tree classifier are established by combining the energy spectrum feature quantity extracted by wavelet transform and other seven time-frequency domain feature quantities extracted by S-transform. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively identify six types of common single disturbance signals and two mixed disturbance signals, with fast classification speed and adequate noise resistance. Its classification accuracy is also higher than those of support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms. Compared with the method that only uses S-transform, the proposed feature extraction method has more abundant features and higher classification accuracy for power quality disturbance.