提高早期胃癌手术率16年临床经验总结

目的 评价胃癌学科群的建立是否能提高早期胃癌的手术率.方法 回顾性分析1996年1月至2011年12月的16年间瑞金医院胃癌切除术施行情况,比较2005年胃癌学科群建立前后早期胃癌手术率的变化情况.同时对2005年胃癌学科群建立后7年间早期胃癌手术后病理按巴黎浅表胃肠肿瘤形态学分型标准进行分类,分析早期胃癌形态分型特点与淋巴结转移情况.结果 16年间瑞金医院共施行胃癌切除术6026例,其中经术后病理证实的早期胃癌985例,每年的早期胃癌手术率在6.08％～ 22.45％,平均为16.35％.2005年胃癌学科群成立后,平均每年早期胃癌手术率(19.64％,751/3823)较胃癌学科群成立前(10.62％,234/2203)显著增高,差异有统计学意义(x2 =83.2026,P＜0.0001),且每年的早期胃癌手术率最高达22.45％(154/686).对学科群后建立后7年间共751例早期胃癌进行形态分型,其中凹陷型早期胃癌共计588例,占全组的78.30％;751例早期胃癌平均淋巴结转移率为12.92％(97/751),不同形态分型间的淋巴结转移率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=52.1951,P＜0.0001),其中0-Ⅲ型早期胃癌的淋巴结转移率最高,达31.71％(39/123).结论 早期胃癌手术率的提高有赖于多学科的协作,内镜医师需加强对早期胃癌内镜下形态的认识,提高对凹陷性病灶的鉴别能力.     

黏膜下层早期胃癌淋巴结转移290例

目的:研究黏膜下层早期胃癌淋巴结转移的预测因素.方法:回顾性分析解放军总医院1996-2010年手术治疗的290例黏膜下层早期胃癌中与淋巴结转移相关的临床病理资料.结果:黏膜下层早期胃癌淋巴结转移率为21.4%.单因素分析表明影响黏膜下层早期胃癌淋巴结转移的因素主要有肿瘤大小、组织学类型、浸润深度和脉管浸润.多因素分析显示肿瘤大小、组织学类型和脉管浸润与黏膜下层早期胃癌淋巴结转移独立相关.结论:黏膜下层早期胃癌淋巴结转移与肿瘤大小、组织学类型和脉管浸润因素有关.内镜治疗等微创治疗可考虑应用于肿瘤<2cm同时为分化型的黏膜下层早期胃癌中.     

早期胃癌及胃炎样早期胃癌诊治

目的:分析胃炎样早期胃癌临床诊治情况并总结经验。方法:收集2009年上海市3所医院内科门诊的早期胃癌筛查结果,同时收集2009年本院手术切除并经病理检查证实的早期胃癌中的胃炎样早期胃癌病例。结果:上海市3所医院施行胃镜检查41993例,胃癌805例,早期胃癌为158例,占胃癌手术患者19.6%,其中符合胃炎样早期胃癌8例,占早期胃癌患者5.1%。内镜下表现为充血(绯红)3例,表浅糜烂5例。手术病理证实Ⅱa型(浅表隆起型)1例,Ⅱb型(浅表平坦型)7例;黏膜下层1例,黏膜层7例。结论:加强对胃炎样早期胃癌的临床研究,尤其是提高胃镜下识别能力,以及开展色素胃镜、胃镜电子染色以及共聚焦激光显微内镜诊断胃炎样早期胃癌,有望进一步提高胃癌临床诊治水平。     

重视浅表扩散型早期胃癌的识别和治疗

浅表扩散型早期胃癌又称平坦弥漫型早期胃癌,是早期胃癌的一种特殊类型。随着早期胃癌诊断与治疗研究的深入,此类早期胃癌的漏诊和误判应该引起临床工作者的高度重视。其临床症状缺乏特异性。内镜下形态多变,病变黏膜常呈粗糙、颗粒、细结节或糜烂及浅表溃疡等,有时边界难以确定。病灶最大直径超过4 cm。淋巴结转移率明显高于普通早期胃癌。努力确定病变范围和边界是提高此类早期胃癌治疗疗效的关键。     

255例早期胃癌临床病理及蓝激光成像结合放大内镜下的特征分析

目的 探讨早期胃癌的临床生物学特点及蓝激光成像结合放大内镜（BLI-ME）的诊断价值。 方法 2014年1月到2017年1月,复旦大学附属华山医院手术病理确诊的255例早期胃癌病例纳入回顾性研究,包括33例手术前行BLI-ME精查者。依据日本胃癌学会2010年指南将胃癌病理组织学分为分化型和未分化型早期胃癌,比较分析其临床特点、内镜下特征、病理分型、淋巴结转移情况及BLI-ME下的病变特点。 结果 255例早期胃癌中,男164例（63.31％）,＞40岁者242例（94.90％）,分化型182例（71.37％）,病变位于胃窦93例（36.47％）,内镜下0-Ⅱc型92例（36.08％）;发生淋巴结转移37例（14.51％）,对比分析发现,淋巴结转移率黏膜内癌明显低于黏膜下癌［5.04％（7／139）比25.86％（30／116）,χ2=22.109,P=0.000］,分化型癌明显低于未分化型癌［9.89％（18／182）比26.03％（19／73）,χ2=10.938,P=0.002］,病灶最大径≤2.0 cm明显低于＞2.0 cm［9.88％（16／162）比22.58％（21／93）,χ2=7.687,P=0.009］。33例行BLI-ME精查者中,分化型早期胃癌以FNP（13.64％,3／22）、ILL-1（59.09％,13／22）、ILL-2（22.73％,5／22）为主,未分化型早期胃癌可见ILL-2（45.45％,5／11）、CSP（54.55％,6／11）。 结论 早期胃癌发病率男性多于女性,大多数患者年龄在40岁以上,好发于胃窦部,内镜下形态以0-Ⅱc型居多。癌灶＞2.0 cm或侵及黏膜下层,以及未分化型癌易发生淋巴结转移。临床行BLI-ME精查,对黏膜异常微血管形态及异常微腺管结构进行观察,有助于判断早期胃癌的病理分型。     

内镜下黏膜剥离术及外科手术治疗137例早期胃癌的临床分析

[目的]分析我院137例早期胃癌患者的临床表现,肿瘤部位、大小、内镜形态、病理学分型、淋巴结转移等,比较内镜下黏膜剥离术(ESD)与外科手术治疗早期胃癌术后病理特征及疗效的差异,有助于选择合适的治疗方案。[方法]将2005年1月~2015年6月我院进行治疗的137例早期胃癌患者行回顾性分析和总结。应用χ2检验及独立样本t检验进行统计学分析。[结果]2005年1月~2015年6月共诊断新发早期胃癌137例,淋巴结转移率为7.30%(10/137),其中黏膜内癌转移率为2.36%(2/85),黏膜下癌转移率为15.38%(8/52)。经单因素χ2检验提示浸润深度与组织学分型及淋巴结转移相关,ESD术后并发症及住院费用、住院天数显著低于外科手术。[结论]目前经外科治疗的早期胃癌中接近一半的患者可经ESD治愈。早期胃癌患者中仍有部分患者术后病理见淋巴结转移且与肿瘤的黏膜浸润深度相关。胃镜下诊断胃癌需要熟练掌握其特征并善于结合病理活检。ESD早期胃癌治疗存在其优越性,在诊断淋巴结转移方面需要进一步完善。     

分化型凹陷型早期胃癌浸润深度影响因素的初步分析

EMR和ESD已成为治疗早期胃癌比较成熟的内镜技术,但可应用内镜治疗的前提是分化型无淋巴结转移证据的早期胃癌,且肿瘤浸润深度应该主要局限在黏膜层或存在微小黏膜下浸润。研究表明,在局限于黏膜层的早期胃癌患者中,淋巴结转移率低于3％,而与此相比,在癌灶浸润到黏膜下层时,转移的风险大约增高至20％。因此,术前正确地诊断特别是对浸润深度的诊断,对治疗方法的选择尤为重要,而其中尤以凹陷型最难以判断,有报道称凹陷型早期胃癌中以黏膜下层癌为主（占90．9％）。     

伴充血的早期胃癌内镜形态与病理的比较研究

目的对内镜下伴有显著病灶周边或中央充血、发红的早期胃癌患者，对其内镜形态学特征及手术病理结果开展比较研究，以了解两者关联并提高常规内镜检查的诊断价值。方法回顾分析上海瑞金医院2006年6月～2007年9月共107例早期胃癌的内镜下形态特征，其中病灶周边或病灶中央具有显著充血、发红改变者共28例患者纳入本次研究范畴，着重观察其病灶充血发生的部位、表面形态以及病灶边缘形态；核实其手术病理所示癌组织分化程度、浸润深度及淋巴结转移情况，并与形态学治疗对比。结果伴充血的早期胃癌按其充血的形态和相对位置可分为三类：1型为凹陷型病变周围不规则栅状充血；2型为浅表凹陷型病变中央出现红色充血颗粒及小结节；3型表现为浅表隆起型病变伴充血腺瘤样增生。28例患者中1型17例（60．7％），2型7例（25．0％）；3型4例（14．3％）。不同充血形态与癌组织分化程度存在明显关联，其中1型充血改变以分化型癌为多（10／17，58．8％）；3型均为分化型（4／4，100％）；而2型几乎均为未分化型（6／7，85．7％）。结论胃浅表型病变伴黏膜充血发红样改变，常为早期胃癌的特殊改变。充血发红灶的发生部位及背景病变同癌组织的分化程度存在明显关联，结合病变边缘轮廓、发生部位等信息，可进一步提高内镜检查对早期胃癌的预测价值。     

早期胃癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素分析

目的 探讨早期胃癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素,为选择合适的治疗方法提供依据.方法 对北京大学第三医院1988年3月-2009年3月于外科行胃癌根治术治疗的103例早期胃癌患者临床资料进行回顾性研究,对患者的年龄、性别,肿瘤的大小、部位、大体类型、分化程度及浸润深度与淋巴结转移的关系进行单因素及多因素分析.结果 早期胃癌的淋巴结转移率为17.5%(18/103),其中黏膜内癌的淋巴结转移率为4.1%(2/49),黏膜下层癌的淋巴结转移率为29.6%(16/54).logistic回归分析显示,浸润至黏膜下层(P=0.001)及肿瘤>2 cm(P=0.003)为早期胃癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因子.黏膜内癌发生淋巴结转移的2例均为直径>2 cm的印戒细胞癌;黏膜下层癌中,≤2 cm肿瘤的淋巴结转移率为16.1%(5/31),>2 cm肿瘤的淋巴结转移率高达47.8%(11/23)(P=0.012).高分化程度的早期胃癌的淋巴结转移率为0(0/13),中分化癌转移率为18.2%(4/22),低分化癌转移率为16.7%(5/30),印戒细胞癌转移率为23.7%(9/38),各组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.294).患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤部位(胃上部、中部、下部)和大体分型(隆起型、平坦型和凹陷型)与淋巴结转移无相关性.结论 肿瘤大小和浸润深度与早期胃癌淋巴结转移相关,决定早期胃癌治疗方案时,可参考上述因素判断淋巴结转移风险.     

联合应用超声内镜与超声微探头在早期食管癌术前分期中的作用

目的 探讨超声内镜联合超声微探头对早期食管浅表癌浸润深度和淋巴结转移的判断及其临床意义.方法 联合应用超声内镜和超声微探头对121例共124处早期浅表型食管癌病灶行临床分期,并与术后及黏膜切除后病理分期相比较.结果 内镜超声检查对早期食管癌术前T分期总的准确率为82.3%(102/124).本组早期食管癌淋巴结总的转移率为5.0%(6/121),其中原位无一例淋巴结转移,黏膜内癌淋巴结转移率为1.3%(1/78),黏膜下癌淋巴结转移率为11.6%(5/43).结论 联合使用超声内镜及超声微探头对早期食管癌可以进行准确的分期,可以指导早期食管癌治疗策略的选择.     

Endoscopists' view on superficial spreading type of early gastric cancer – endoscopic resection or surgery?

Abstract

Objective. The superficial spreading type of early gastric cancer (EGC) possesses unique features different from other types of EGC. We aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological features of superficial spreading type of EGC. Material and methods. We analyzed 1455 EGC lesions from 1398 patients who had undergone surgical treatment at Samsung Medical Center from 2000 to 2002. Then the clinicopathological features of 224 superficial-spreading EGC lesions (15.4%) was compared to that of 1231 lesions of a common type of EGC. Results. In the superficial spreading type of EGC, the incidence of undifferentiated type and submucosal invasion were higher than those of common type of EGC (55.4 vs 38.0%, p <?.01 and 58.5 vs 37.8%, p <?.01, respectively). Lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion were more frequent in superficial spreading type than in common type of EGC (19.2 vs 7.6%, p <?.01 and 15.2 vs 7.4%, p <?.01, respectively). There was no difference in recurrence rate or 5-year survival rate between the two groups. Conclusion. Considering higher risk of submucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis in superficial spreading type, a careful consideration should be done before the application of endoscopic resection to the superficial spreading type of EGC.     

伴淋巴结转移的早期胃癌病理组织形态学研究

目的通过研究早期胃癌发展过程中组织形态学的变迁，预测其淋巴结转移的难易程度。方法以伴淋巴结转移的81例早期胃癌作为转移组，抽取81例不伴淋巴结转移者作为对照组，两组均含11例黏膜内癌，70例黏膜下癌，组织学分类及肿瘤部位相似，具可比性。将各组的肿瘤灶亚分类为表层部、浸润部，各病灶的病理组织形态学依据规范分为分化型、混合型、未分化型。对各病例相关因子进行统计学分析研究。结果浸润部较表层部组织分化程度低下者，转移组为40．7％，较对照组的11．9％为高。转移组表层部的分化型胃癌和未分化型胃癌，其浸润部同一组织学分化程度较对照组为低，其差异有统计学意义（分别为P〈0．01和P〈0．05）。转移组的表层部与浸润部的分化程度合致率为61．7％，明显低于对照组的77．8％，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。转移组的男女比率为1．9：1，较对照组的3．3：1为低，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论早期胃癌中，癌灶水平方向和浸润先端部的垂直方向组织学分化程度的变化更易出现。浸润部与黏膜同有层癌组织学分化程度不同者，尤其是组织学分化程度趋低下者易出现淋巴结转移。女性较男性更易出现淋巴结转移。     

Clinicopathological study of lymph-node metastasis in 1,389 patients with early gastric cancer: assessment of indications for endoscopic resection

BACKGROUND: The endoscopic resection of early gastric cancers (EGC) is a standard technique in Japan and is increasingly used throughout the world. Further experience in the treatment of EGC and a clearer delineation of the factors related to lymph‐node metastasis would permit a more accurate assessment of endoscopic resection. METHODS: The study group comprised 1389 patients with EGC who underwent gastrectomy with lymph‐node dissection. We evaluated the relations of lymph‐node metastasis to clinicopathological factors. RESULTS: Of the 718 patients with intramucosal carcinomas, 14 (1.9%) had lymph‐node metastasis. All cases of lymph‐node metastasis were associated with ulceration. No lymph‐node metastasis was found in patients with intramucosal carcinomas without ulceration, irrespective of tumor size and histological type. Lymph‐node metastasis was present in 14 (4.7%) of the 296 patients who had cancer with a submucosal invasion depth of less than 500 μm (sm1). Significantly increased rates of lymph‐node metastasis were associated with undifferentiated types, ulcerated lesions and lymphatic invasion. No lymph‐node metastasis was found in patients with differentiated sm1 carcinomas 30 mm or less in diameter without ulceration. Lymph‐node metastasis occurred in 29% of the patients who had cancer with a submucosal invasion depth of 500 μm or more (sm2). CONCLUSION: This large series of patients with EGC provides further evidence supporting the expansion of indications for endoscopic treatment, as well as warns against potential risks.     

Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis of differentiated submucosally invasive gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: For early gastric cancer, submucosal invasion may be unrecognized until histopathologic examination of the specimen obtained by EMR. Gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy is the standard treatment for such submucosal cancers. However, approximately 80% of submucosal cancers do not have lymph node metastasis. Unnecessary surgery could be avoided if a subgroup of patients with submucosal cancer with negligible risk of lymph node metastasis can be defined. This study was conducted to define such a subgroup. METHODS: Data from 104 patients surgically treated for differentiated submucosal cancers were retrospectively collected. A multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic factors was performed to identify predictive factors for lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Three independent risk factors, namely, female gender (p=0.0174), deep invasion (> or =500 microm) into the submucosal layer (p=0.001), and presence of lymphatic involvement (p < 0.0001) were associated with lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastasis was not observed in any patient who had limited submucosal invasion and absence of lymphatic involvement. The rate of lymph node metastasis was calculated to be 80% in patients who had both deep submucosal invasion and lymphatic involvement. CONCLUSIONS: If endoscopic resection specimens exhibit no deep penetration (<500 microm) into the submucosal layer and lymphatic involvement is absent, EMR may be sufficient treatment for submucosal well-differentiated early gastric cancers. A long-term follow-up study of patients with such lesions treated by EMR alone is required.     

Prediction of the indication criteria for endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer

AIM: To find risk factors of lymph node metastasis(LNM) in early gastric cancer(EGC) and to find proper endoscopic therapy indication in EGC.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the 2270 patients who underwent curative operation for EGC from January 2001 to December 2008. EGC was defined as malignant lesions that do not invade beyond the submucosal layer of the stomach wall irrespective of presence of lymph node metastasis.RESULTS: Among 2270 enrolled patients, LNM was observed in 217(9%) patients. LNM in intramucosal(M) cancer and submucosal(SM) cancer was detectedin 3 8( 2. 8 %, 3 8 / 1 3 4 0) patients and 1 7 9(19%, 179/930) patients, respectively. In univariate analysis, the risk factors for LNM in EGC were size of tumor, Lauren classification, ulcer, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, and depth of invasion. However, in multivariate analysis, size of tumor, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, and depth of invasion were risk factors for LNM in EGC. Size of tumor, lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, and depth of invasion were risk factors for LNM in cases of intramucosal cancer and submucosal cancer. In particular, there was no lymph node metastasis in cases of well differentiated early gastric cancer below 1 cm in size without ulcer regardless of lymphovascular invasion.CONCLUSION: Tumor size, perilymphatic-vascular invasion, and depth of invasion were risk factors for LNM in EGC. There was no LNM in EGC below 1 cmregardless risk factors.     

Diagnosis of depth of invasion for early colorectal cancer using magnifying colonoscopy

Background and Aims: Early colorectal cancer (CRC) with submucosal deep (s.m.‐d.) invasion should not be treated with endoscopic mucosal resection due to the higher incidence of lymph‐node metastasis. It is, therefore, clinically important to accurately diagnose s.m.‐d. lesions before treatment. Methods: We analyzed the endoscopic features, including pit patterns, of early CRC with s.m.‐d. invasion observed using magnifying colonoscopy. We retrospectively investigated 379 cases of early CRC. Lesions were divided into three macroscopic subtypes (pedunculated type, sessile type and superficial type) based on endoscopic findings. Eight endoscopic factors were evaluated retrospectively for association with s.m. invasion and then compared to histopathological findings. Results: The superficial type had a significantly higher frequency of s.m.‐d. invasion (52.4% [77/147] vs 24.6% [14/57] and 39.4% [69/175], P‐value < 0.05, respectively, for pedunculated and sessile types). Based on multivariate analysis, an independent risk factor for s.m.‐d. invasion was the existence of an invasive pit pattern in sessile and superficial types (odds ratios of 52.74 and 209.67, respectively). Fullness was also an independent risk factor for s.m.‐d. invasion in the superficial type (odds ratio = 9.25). There were no independent risk factors for s.m.‐d. invasion in the pedunculated type. Conclusion: High magnification pit pattern diagnosis proved to be useful for predicting s.m.‐d. invasion in sessile and superficial types although it was not as helpful with the pedunculated type.     

未分化型早期胃癌内镜黏膜下剥离术扩大适应证的可行性探讨

目的评估未分化型早期胃癌内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)扩大适应证的可行性,探讨淋巴结转移的危险因素,为治疗方案的选择提供理论依据。方法回顾性分析2007年6月至2018年12月在青岛大学附属医院接受胃切除加淋巴结清扫术的807例未分化型早期胃癌患者的临床资料。采用卡方检验分析早期胃癌临床病理特征与淋巴结转移的关系,logistic回归模型分析淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结果17.2%(139/807)的未分化型早期胃癌患者发生淋巴结转移,110例符合ESD扩大适应证的患者均未发生淋巴结转移。单因素分析结果显示淋巴结转移与癌胚抗原水平升高、肿瘤大小、大体分型、溃疡、浸润深度、脉管侵犯、神经侵犯均有关(χ^2=4.500、13.332、16.611、6.083、51.064、0.564、17.006,P均<0.05)。多因素分析结果表明,肿瘤最大径>20 mm(OR=1.606,95%CI 1.021~2.526,P=0.040)、脉管侵犯(OR=16.835,95%CI 10.510~26.966,P<0.01)、黏膜下浅浸润(≤500μm;OR=1.962,95%CI 1.022~3.765,P=0.043)和黏膜下深浸润(>500μm;OR=3.014,95%CI 1.753~5.181,P<0.01)均是早期胃癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论未分化型早期胃癌的ESD扩大适应证适用于内镜下治疗,患者发生淋巴结转移的风险较低;肿瘤最大径>20 mm、脉管侵犯、黏膜下浅浸润和黏膜下深浸润均是未分化型早期胃癌淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。     

Tumor cell proliferation in early gastric cancer: biological and clinical behavior

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recently, early gastric cancers without lymph node metastasis have successfully been removed through a simple endoscopic resection. Tumor cell proliferation may be related to the malignant potential of early gastric cancer. The purpose of this study is to prospectively investigate the relationship between the incorporation rate of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into the DNA of dividing cells, and the main biological and clinical early gastric cancer characteristics. METHODOLOGY: Multiple tumor specimens were taken from 27 early gastric cancers and analyzed through anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody. Tumor BrdU labeling index (LI=% positive cells over 2,000 tumor cells) was determined. Early gastric cancers were evaluated in tumor size, mucosal and submucosal involvement, histologic type and grading, lymphatic and venous invasion, and nodal metastasis. RESULTS: BrdU LI was significantly higher in patients with submucosal neoplastic invasion, Pen A Kodama type, tumor vessel invasion and lymph node involvement. Early gastric cancer patients with over 22% BrdU LI showed a significantly higher incidence of submucosal invasion, lymphatic-venous involvement and a reduced survival when compared to patients with medium (12-22%) or low BrdU LI (<12%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that BrdU LI may be considered a useful indicator of early gastric cancer aggressiveness.