低合金钢在水介质中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的恒位移试样跟踪观察了具有广泛拉伸强度范围的四种低合金钢在各种水溶液中(高纯水、阳极极化和阴极极化下的水溶液,0.1NK_2Cr_2O_7水溶液)以及含痕量水的有机溶剂中(无水酒精,丙酮等)应力腐蚀裂纹产生和扩展的动态过程。结果表明,当钢的强度和K_1大于临界值后,在所用的各种水溶液中都能产生氢致滞后塑性变形,即加载裂纹前端的塑性区及其变形量随时间而逐渐增大。当这个氢致滞后塑性变形发展到临界状态时,就会导致应力腐蚀裂纹的形核和扩展。无论是阳极极化、阴极极化还是加缓蚀剂均不改变这类滞后塑性变形的特征,也不改变滞后塑性变形和应力腐蚀裂纹的相互关系。     

钢在H_2S中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的 WOL 型恒位移试样跟踪观察了各种低合金钢在 H_2S 中应力腐蚀裂纹产生和扩展的规律。结果表明,当钢的强度和 K_I 均大于临界值之后,在裂纹前端将会发生滞后塑性变形,即裂纹前端塑性区的大小及其变形量将随时间延长而逐渐增加,当这种滞后塑性变形发展到临界状态时就会导致应力腐蚀裂纹的产生和扩展。对超高强钢来说,当这个滞后塑性区闭合后应力腐蚀裂纹就在其端点形核,随着滞后塑性变形的发展,这些不连续的应力腐蚀裂纹逐渐长大并互相连接。对强度较低的钢,随滞后塑性变形的发展,应力腐蚀裂纹沿着滞后塑性区边界向前扩展。已经证明这个滞后塑性变形是由氢引起的,称作氢致滞后塑性变形。利用 WO 型试样测量了在 H_2S 气体以及 H_2S 饱和水溶液中的 K_(ISCC)和 da/dt,研究了它们随强度变化的规律,以及阴极极化和阳极极化对超高强钢 K_(ISCC)和 da/dt 的影响。     

X80管线钢焊接接头SSCC研究及数值模拟

硫化氢应力腐蚀破裂(sulfide stress corrosion cracking,SSCC)是制约管线钢应用的主要因素.针对X80管线钢焊接接头进行恒位移硫化氢应力腐蚀试验研究,分别测得母材、焊缝和热影响区的应力强度因子门槛值KISCC和裂纹扩展速率da/dt.通过对X80管线钢焊接接头的金相显微组织、断口形貌观察以及硬度测试,分析了X80管线钢SSCC性能的影响因素.并对WOL试样进行了三维弹塑性有限元分析,得到裂纹尖端应力场分布和氢浓度的分布特征.结果表明,热影响区的KISCC最小,裂纹扩展速率最大,具有较差的抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力,其应力腐蚀试验结果与有限元数值分析相互验证.     

带镀层GC-4超高强度钢的腐蚀断裂

应用慢拉伸及断裂力学方法研齐了带镀层的GC-4钢(40CrMnSiMoVA)在3.5％NaCl中的应力腐蚀特性,并与裸钢作了对比。结合扫描电镜及宏观断口分析,探讨了失效机理。研究表明,阴、阳极镀层均使钢的KIscc降低,da/dt(Ⅱ)显著增加,其影响依无氰Cd、Cd-Ti、Cr的次序增加。慢拉伸试验结果说明,阴、阳极极化均使GC-4裸钢延性降低。根据BL-WOL试样裂纹扩展在表面处较内部为快以及阴、阳极镀层、平面应变状态对断口形貌的影响,可以认为带镀层与不带镀层GC-4钢的腐蚀断裂机理为裂尖阳极溶解与氢脆共同作用,并且裂尖溶解将直接参与导致裂纹扩展.从而对高强度钢腐蚀断裂的纯氢脆机理作出修正。     

高强钢螺桩应力腐蚀断裂研究

对超高强钢螺桩的大批量断裂事故进行了断日分析,确认是水介质或БФ—2~(**)胶中的应力腐蚀断裂。测量了几种高强钢在不同热处理条件下的K_(ISCC)和da/dt(平台值)。应用断裂力学对带裂纹螺桩断裂的可能性进行了定量分析, 测量了缺口形成应力腐蚀裂纹的临界应力场强度因子K_(ISCC)。利用不同曲率的缺口试样详细研究了缺口形成应力腐蚀裂纹的规律。由此也可估算无预裂纹的螺桩产生应力腐蚀断裂的力学条件。     

CNG气瓶在不同H2S浓度中的临界裂纹尺寸

对3种不同的压缩天然气气瓶用钢4130X、30CrMo材料,在两种H2S环境溶液(高浓度2000×10-6和中等浓度200×10-6)中,采用改进型WOL试样,在测定材料室温K1C的基础上,用螺栓加载法,对22个试样测定了H2S环境下(室温)的临界应力强度因子KISCC.由此确定了不同材料在不同环境溶液中的临界裂纹尺寸,得到了气瓶工作压力及等效应力与临界裂纹尺寸的关系曲线.结果表明:几种材料的K1C值均较高,正常环境中都表现了良好的断裂韧性,但在H2S环境中,KISCC仅为K1C值的20%~40%.对于同样的4130X气瓶用钢,不同的供货来源,其KISCC值相差约30%,临界裂纹尺寸相差约80%.     

EFFECT OF CATHODIC PROTECTION ON FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF LOWALLOY STEELS IN SEAWATER

Fracture behaviour of low-alloy steels AIST4340,HY100,Welten60,AISIA537 and A131 inartificial seawater under static,cyclic loading and at cathodic protection potential has beeninvestigated by using the techniques of fracture mechanics, electrochemistry andelectronfractography.The results reveal that at hydrogen evolution potentials(cathodic pro-tection potential)the critical yield strength required for the occurrance of SCC decreasesfrom 985 at corrosion potential(E_c)to 872 MPa.The effect of cathodic protection on crackpropagation of corrosion fatigue(CF)is not simple,it is closely related to the yield strengthof steels and their SCC behaviour.For the steels with high yield strength,cathodic protectionpromotes(da/dN)_Ⅱ evidently,and reduces △K_(th) value.The(da/dN)-△K curves dis-play a plateau at the third stage of CF for steels with medium or low yield strength.It is men-tioned that the cathodic protection potential for oceaneering constructures should be control-led at top level of the protective range.It seems reasonable that the strength of steel foroceaneeing use might be increased by 200 or 300 MPa.     

腐蚀疲劳过程中裂尖阳极溶解对裂纹扩展的作用

在模拟腐蚀疲劳裂尖介质中,分别用铂丝和40CrNiMo钢为辅助电极测定了在不同拉伸速率下中温回火的40CrNiMo钢的腐蚀电流密度i_(a)与应变速率、塑性应变量的关系,其结果为:利用疲劳裂纹尖端应变的弹塑性有限元计算,得到腐蚀疲劳裂尖阳极溶解引起的裂纹扩展与△K的关系,结果表明:中温回火的40CrNiMo钢在3.5％NaCl水容液中裂尖阳极溶解对腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的直接贡很小,阳极溶解的主要作用是影响为裂尖断裂区氢致开裂提供氢原子的阴极过程。     

IMPROVEMENT OF CARBIDE MORPHOLOGY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cr12MoV STEELS

1. IntroductionCr12MoV steel is used widely as an important high wear resistallt cold die steel aroundthe world[1]. It is well known that Cr12MoV steel has networked carbide in the solidification structure, which leads to the intergranular brittleness. Moreover. The networkcarbide is too stable to be changed during heat treatment even at high temperaturely]. Inthe conventional process, forging is needed to break etwork carbide into a granular form.However, partly owing to Cr12MoV steel hav…     

混凝土结构中NO_2~-的不均匀性对钢筋宏电池腐蚀行为的影响

基于宏电池腐蚀理论,将阴极区钢筋和阳极区钢筋分别浇筑成两个独立的砂浆试块,并用导线将其连接成循环电路,通过断开和连接电路来控制钢筋的微电池腐蚀和宏电池腐蚀,再将不同浓度的NO_2~-溶液分别添加到阴极试块和阳极试块中以模拟其渗透过程,通过比较NO_2~-作用前后阴阳极钢筋之间宏电池腐蚀电流的大小,来评价阴阳极钢筋表面NO_2~-的不均匀性对钢筋宏电池腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:当NO_2~-作用于处于腐蚀状态的阳极钢筋时,能够增加阳极钢筋的极化阻抗,减少阴阳极钢筋间的宏电池腐蚀电位差,降低宏电池腐蚀电流,从而有效抑制宏电池腐蚀;当NO_2~-主要作用于处于腐蚀状态的阴极钢筋时,阴阳极钢筋间的宏电池电位差的增大易使宏电池腐蚀电流增加,存在加速钢筋宏电池腐蚀的危险。     

钢的腐蚀疲劳断裂形态的探讨

本文通过钢在腐蚀疲劳(CF)条件下断裂表面的观察,较系统地探讨了钢的CF断裂形态特征。其结果表明,CF的断裂形态强烈地依赖于载荷、介质及其与钢本身之间的相互作用。按照环境对钢的作用强弱,可以出现疲劳辉纹、因均匀腐蚀变宽了的疲劳条纹、晶间腐蚀型疲劳条纹、应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)形态及氢脆(HE)开裂形态特征等。因此,CF断裂形态不具有独特的共同特征,说明CF断裂的机理是多样的。目前,用一种断裂模型(如叠加模型或竞争模型)去解释所有CF断裂现象无疑是困难的。     

稳定奥氏体不锈钢氢渗透的研究

本文用电化学氢渗透法,研究了钝化膜、极化电位及介质中pH值对氢在稳定奥氏体不锈钢中渗透行为的影响。测定了氢在310奥氏体不锈钢中25℃时的扩散系数为(1.2±0.1)×10~(-8)cm~2/sec;估算了氢在钝化膜中的扩系散数约为10~(-8)cm~2/sec数量级。随着介质中pH值的降低,氢渗透的饱和电流增加。不仅阴极极化可增加氢渗透的饱和电流;当电位超过点蚀击穿电位后,阳极极化也可增加氢渗透的饱和电流。充氢后试样在0.1NH_2SO_4溶液中的阳极极化曲线显著地向右移动;充氢后的固溶处理试祥,也具有明显的晶间腐蚀倾向。     

X100管线钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为

采用慢拉伸(SSRT)、动电位极化和SEM观察等方法,研究了在不同的阴极保护电位条件下X100钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,X100钢发生穿晶裂纹的应力腐蚀,裂纹的萌生和发展与阴极保护电位有关.完全阳极过程控制时,X100钢无裂纹出现,但出现晶间腐蚀;在混合过程控制时,应力腐蚀敏感性较低,裂纹发展缓慢;在完全阴极过程控制时,氢脆机制起主要作用,裂纹扩展迅速.     

Failure mechanisms of high strength steels in bicarbonate solutions under anodic polarization

High strength steels used in prestressing concrete structures are not exempt from the effects induced by corrosion on the normal concrete reinforcement. Carbonation of surrounding concrete or mortar is not unlikely for prestressing tendons and strands. Moreover, these steels undergo to brittle fracture as a consequence of stress corrosion cracking phenomena. To evaluate if concrete carbonation can promote this kind of failure, constant load tests in bicarbonate aqueous solutions under anodic polarization were carried out on high strength steel wires. Microscopic examination pointed out that the wires exhibited a brittle fracture mode, while its natural feature is ductile, as indicated by air testing. Failure mechanism was evaluated by a fracture mechanic approach. Cracks initiation was attributed to an anodic dissolution mechanism, while its propagation, interpreted by means of the surface mobility theory, was related to interaction between hydrogen atoms and magnetite at a crack tip.     

外加电位下X80双相管线钢在模拟沿海土壤环境中的应力腐蚀行为

采用交流阻抗谱、极化试验、慢应变拉伸试验研究了不同外加电位下在模拟沿海土壤环境中X80双相管线钢的应力腐蚀行为,对拉伸断口和极化后试样进行SEM表面形貌及能谱分析。结果表明,与慢扫极化(模拟的非裂尖区域)相比,X80双相管线钢快扫极化模拟的裂尖腐蚀电位较负且腐蚀电流较大。-750 mV外加阴极电位处于裂尖自腐蚀电位范围,不足以起到阴极保护的作用,对应力腐蚀仍十分敏感。外加电位为-1050 mV时,阴极反应速率显著大于阳极反应,阴极反应产生的氢被金属吸收且扩散,慢应变拉伸未经颈缩即发生断裂,为准解理断裂。外加阴极电位为-900 mV,阴极电流有效抑制了阳极溶解反应,因此管线钢在模拟沿海土壤溶液中慢应变拉伸抗拉强度和断面收缩率都最高,断口表现为韧性断裂,侧面裂纹细小,阻抗模值最大,应力腐蚀敏感性最小。     

Insights into the cut edge corrosion of 55% Al–Zn metal coating on steel from simultaneous electrochemical polarization and localised pH sensing experiments

Band microelectrode arrays were used to model the cut edge corrosion behaviour of 55% Al–Zn (Galvalume/Zincalume) and Zn coated steels in chloride and sulfate electrolytes. Simultaneous electrochemical polarization experiments revealed increased cathodic current on the steel during anodic dissolution of neighbouring Al–Zn alloy electrodes. The increased cathodic current on the steel was shown to be a result of pH buffering by Al³⁺, enhancing the rate of hydrogen evolution. A large negative shift of the corrosion potential of the Al–Zn alloy electrodes was observed during cathodic polarization on neighbouring steel electrodes and was attributed to alkaline pH generated from cathodic processes.     

氢在钢的硫化物应力腐蚀破裂中的作用

本文研究了12MnMoVNbTi低合金钢在饱和H_3S溶液中的极化和应力腐蚀行为,并与电解充氢条件下的应力破裂行为进行了对比。证明钢中Mo、Nb含量的变化与热处理条件的不同对其一般腐蚀行为影响很小,但能显著改变其抗应力腐蚀性能,12MnMoVNbTi钢在H_2S介质中的应力腐蚀破裂行为与它们在充氢条件下的应力破裂行为非常类似,显示其应力腐蚀破裂的实质是氢脆。充氢条件下应力弛豫和恒载荷拉伸试验结果表明,氢有引起钢的软化和硬化的双重作用。由于氢的进入所产生的软化作用使钢在屈服强度以下发生塑性变形,但随后的硬化过程又使变形速度逐步减慢。这种由氢的作用引起的在较低应力下发生的塑性变形过程并不直接导致断裂,但塑性变形行为和氢应力破裂行为之间的关系表明,这种变形过程中的位错运动能够帮助氢的移动和向塑变区及裂纹尖端集中,促进氢脆断裂。     

A537钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中低周腐蚀疲劳的裂纹萌生

利用三电极技术研究了Ａ５３７低合金钢在３．５％ＮａＣｌ活化体系中的低周腐蚀疲劳的裂纹萌生行为．结果表明，应变速率越小，或者应变幅越大，裂纹萌生寿命越短；阳极极化和强阴极极化可以大大缩短裂纹萌生寿命，阴极保护条件下的裂纹萌生寿命与空气中的相似．裂纹主要在软的铁素体内萌生，然后穿过珠光体连接．剧烈的阳极溶解破坏了表面形变形貌，阴极析氢导致表面产生许多小裂纹．     

The influence of the ferritic and austenitic phases and of silicon on the Corrosion resistance of alloyed cast steels

The paper deals with the influence of the α/gamma; phase ratio and silicon on the corrosion resistance of low carbon alloyed cast steels in strongly oxidizing media. Electrochemical investigations in 65% HNO₃ + 5g Cr⁶⁺ ions/I showed that none of the four tested cast steels, with γ_R = 100%, γ_R = 75%, γ_R = 50% and γ_R = 0%, achieved a passive state, and that the corrosion process was under cathodic control. Under such conditions the calhodic activation overpotential is considerably greater than the anodic activation overpotential, and, as well as this, the Tafel coefficient for a cathodic reaction has higher values than those which are characteristic for an anodic reaction. The austenitic cast steel is the most resistant to corrosion, since for the corrosion process to take place the greatest activation energy is needed. The results of investigations of corrosion resistance in 12M HNO₃, at 115°C, for 240 hours, confirmed the results of the electrochemical measurements and the predominant role of the austenitic cast steel with γ_R = 100%. By means of AES analysis it was found that the good resistance to corrosion of such a cast steel is based on the building up of a thin mechanically-protecting barrier, which mainly consists of silicon.     

Hydrogen embrittlement of Microalloyed structural steels

The effect of Cr, Mo, V, Nb, Mn, their carbides and different microstructures on the corrosion and hydrogen uptake of two fine-grained microalloyed steel grades has been investigated. In practice, fine-grained structural steels appear to be more or less susceptible to hydrogen induced cracking, probably because of various strong interactions between the absorbed hydrogen and the various alloying elements or their carbides, acting as traps. The effect of microstructure was examined by cathodic polarization, by measuring the reduction of area, and by SEM examination of the fracture surface. In addition, hydrogen permeation transients for one microalloyed steel grade and Armco iron were measured, and the resistance of both steel grades to sulphide stress-cracking according to the NACE Standard TM-01-77 was also determined.