2011-06-23豫南暴雨成因及完全螺旋度诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2011年6月22-23日豫南暴雨过程进行分析,结果表明：此次河南区域暴雨是由高空后倾槽、中低层冷式切变线以及西路冷空气共同影响所致。夏季冷式切变线暴雨的低层有明显北风冷垫作用,水汽主要来源于对流层中低层。水平螺旋度的变化对天气系统的移动和发展具有较好的指示作用;垂直螺旋度的变化对降水的落区和强度预报具有较好的参考价值;暴雨区主要发生在高螺旋度与较高对流有效位能（h垂直〉10×10-8hPa·s-2、CAPE〈1500J·kg-1）相配合的环境中。     

中国南部沿海暴雨东风波特征及SST影响机制研究

分析1999—2013年影响我国南部沿海的东风波,可分为3类:偏南东风波、西行东风波以及近海东风波。太平洋副热带高压是影响3类东风波特征的关键系统,其西伸与北进直接引导东风波路径及活动位置。东风波的分类合成结构特征显示:强涡度中心指示东风波槽中心,强涡度中心通常位于850 h Pa及以下。东风波低层为强辐合场,槽后有整层的垂直上升区。偏南东风波波槽轴线随高度向西倾斜,西行东风波和近海东风波波槽轴线近乎垂直。合成诊断还显示,东风波的海上移动有向SST(Sea Surface Temperature,海表温度)大值趋暖的趋势。数值模拟证实,增强东风波槽前SST暖中心的强度,将引起槽区低层和槽后中层出现负变高中心,同时SST的增温将通过感热与潜热促使东风波槽强度加强,将进一步地增强东风波暴雨强度和雨带的北移。并增强中低层流场的气旋式气流成分,增强低层辐合场,维持深厚垂直上升运动层。典型西行东风波个例分析显示,螺旋度与东风波强度成正比,东风波纬向位温偏差显示东风波在热力场上具有"上暖下冷"的不稳定垂直结构。东风波涡度增强时,扰动动能向分层扰动位能转化。东风波强度减弱时,分层扰动位能向扰动动能转化。     

梅雨末期暴雨过程中高低空环流的耦合——数值实验

一次梅雨末期暴雨过程的数值实验结果表明:模式较好地预报了西南涡的发展,暴雨区与高低空西风急流和南亚东风急流在空间上的联系。对流层上下层的耦合主要发生在低空急流和南亚东风急流之间。以北部上升,南部下沉的反环流为主要特征。无潜热加热模式也模拟出上述特征,说明梅雨期的大尺度环流系统一部分是斜压与大地形强迫的结果,而在暴雨区内的垂直耦合很弱,上升运动减小一个量级。潜热加热极大地增强了垂直反坏流。相应的对流层下层向北的横向运动增强低空急流,对流层上层向南的横向运动增强南亚东风急流。增强了的低空急流和南亚东风急流,通过动量-质量的调整,有利于反环流的维持。 梅雨末期的暴雨过程中,低空急流和南亚高空急流的耦合是重要的。而潜热释放增强了这种耦合。     

不同高度急流耦合在2007年7月中旬河南省区域暴雨中的作用

利用NCEP全球对流层分析资料和地面探空资料,对2007年7月中旬发生在河南省中部、南部的暴雨天气的机理进行了研究,发现此次暴雨过程是在多尺度系统相互作用下产生的,不同高度急流对暴雨天气有不同的作用。超低空东风急流是暴雨区所需水汽的最大提供者;低空东风急流建立和维持了暴雨区中低空的对流不稳定,为强对流的发展提供了条件;高空西风急流建立和维持了高空的对称不稳定,为对流向高空发展和加强提供了重要条件。高空西风急流、低空东风急流和超低空东风急流上下耦合,是暴雨天气得以形成和维持的原因。     

一次东风波天气过程

东风波是在副热带高压南侧的深厚东风带里,常因扰动而产生自乐往西移的波动,也称东风倒槽;本文通过数值预报产品和天气形势分析结合卫星云图,对2005年第十号台风减弱后的东风波进行分析,从而揭示08.16区域暴雨过程原因和特点.     

动力和能量参数在强对流天气预报中的应用研究

较强的热力不稳定和适宜的动力环境是强对流发展的基础 ,造成灾害的强对流一般是一种深厚对流 ,深对流指数和对流有效位能可反映对流上升运动的潜势和强度 ,对流有效位能还隐含地反映了对流层大气总体垂直热力结构。下沉对流有效位能和大风指数反映了对流下沉运动和下击暴流潜势 ,对流下沉和中层干空气的入侵高度、干燥程度及对流层中下层的稳定度和湿度有关。强风暴特别是超级单体一般都具有很高的螺旋性 ,高螺旋度有利于风暴生命的维持 ,而风暴相对螺旋度则对风暴发生及风暴类型有一定的预示。粗里查逊数反映了对流能量和环境场动力之间的平衡关系 ,能量螺旋度指数反映了动力和能量对强对流天气发展的共同效应 ,它们都综合了动力和热力两方面的因子 ,对强风暴及其类型的预报有指示意义。风暴强度指数和瑞士雷暴指数成功地把动力和对流能量参数结合起来 ,在实际研究和业务工作中这种方法值得借鉴。随着高分辨率中尺度和风暴模式的发展 ,模式输出的对流动力和能量参数将有广泛的应用前景。     

一次东风波天气过程

东风波是在副热带高压南侧的深厚东风带里,常因扰动而产生自乐往西移的波动,也称东风倒槽;本文通过数值预报产品和天气形势分析结合卫星云图,对2005年第十号台风减弱后的东风波进行分析,从而揭示08.16区域暴雨过程原因和特点。     

梅雨锋云带内α-中尺度对流系统周边水汽风的分析

应用准静止卫星水汽图像导出的风 (简称为水汽风 )分析东亚梅雨锋云带内中尺度对流系统 (MCS)在对流层上层的流出通道。结果表明梅雨锋云带内MCS有二类流出通道。一类MCS在对流层上层呈现为一个中尺度反气旋。MCS的东部有一支中尺度高空急流 ,这支中尺度高空急流向东流出后转向南 ,流入 2 0°N附近的南亚东风急流内 ,是MCS在对流层上层的主要流出通道。另一类MCS发生在中纬度西风急流的南侧。中纬度西风与MCS南部的偏东北风构成一个反气旋环流带。MCS前方的流出通道 (中尺度高空急流 )是中纬度西风急流的一个中尺度分支。梅雨锋云带内垂直方向水平风速切变小于 1m/ (s·10 0hPa) ,垂直方向“不通风”有利于云带内MCS的维持。初步分析验证了以前数值模拟得到的中尺度高空急流及其流出通道。     

鄂东南一次大暴雨过程成因分析与潜势预报

采用天气图资料和AREM中尺度数值模式逐时预报产品,用天气学方法对2006年5月8日发生在湖北省东南部的大暴雨过程进行天气背景、动力、热力特征及潜势预报分析。分析表明:200～500hPa上贝加尔湖至四川盆地深厚的西风带低槽以及配合低槽东移的南支槽系统、脊线稳定在19°N附近的西太平洋副热带高压和850hPa上新生的低涡是本次大暴雨过程的主要影响系统。200hPa上高空急流右后方强烈辐散,其抽吸作用加剧了中低层的上升运动,700hPa上西南急流的稳定维持为本次过程提供了丰富的水汽。大暴雨发生在se高能舌、对流稳定度指数负值中心以及700hPa、850hPa比湿之和的湿舌的左前方。对流有效位能CAPE、风暴相对螺旋度SRH等对流参数对强降水的发生、发展有较好的潜势预报指示意义。     

东风急流影响下海南非热带气旋暴雨个例分析

利用常规天气资料、NCEP 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料、卫星云图和海南省自动站资料,对2007年10月12—14日海南岛秋季暴雨天气过程的主要影响系统、物理过程及形成机制进行了分析。结果表明:多股冷空气从中低层东移南下并在华南沿海堆积、变性,副高稳定加强西伸,850 hPa上在华南沿海地区与变性的大陆高压合并加强,热带地区赤道辐合带活跃,其共同作用促使低空东风急流形成、发展和加强;低空东风急流、弱冷空气南侵、西太平洋副热带高压南侧的东风波等为暴雨的发生提供了有利的条件;东风急流是此次暴雨所需水汽最大的提供者;θse面陡立造成对流系统斜压发展,激发位势不稳定能量释放,正差动假相当位温平流加强了层结对流不稳定发展,对流层中层正差动涡度平流破坏了海南岛的准地转平衡;动力强迫和热力强迫共同作用激发了次级环流,导致暴雨区上空垂直运动的发展,促使降水增强。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on