CTL 713C多普勒天气雷达数字接收处理系统故障诊断分析

通过分析CTL-713C多普勒天气雷达数字接收处理系统硬件构成及工作原理,结合硬件状态指示介绍了该型雷达数字接收处理系统的正常工作状态。将CTL-713C多普勒天气雷达数字接收处理系统分成信号处理器、数字接收机、连接三类故障进行诊断,根据终端显示和系统硬件状态指示综合判断相应类型故障的处理方法,通过焦作CTL-713C多普勒天气雷达数字接收处理系统故障实例分析和诊断结果对处理方法进行了验证,并对雷达数字接收处理系统的故障诊断方法和原则进行了总结。     

天气雷达径向数据流实时显示和监控系统设计与实现

基于天气雷达径向数据流传输方式,在保持原有监控终端和产品终端不变的基础上,采用C/S架构研发了天气雷达远程实时显示和监控系统.系统由远程传输服务器软件(RTS)和远程传输客户端软件(RTC)组成,实现了天气雷达跨路由远程控制、监控和回波实时显示功能.实践证明远程用户能在网络的任意节点上监测天气过程和控制雷达运行状态,给...     

新一代天气雷达标准化信号处理器设计与应用

为了解决新一代天气雷达信号处理算法升级和双线偏振升级的问题,研制了标准化信号处理系统。设计中采用了软件无线电体系设计思路,把信号处理按照处理的不同对象划分,划分后将不同类别的处理功能封装到不同平台上,由信号处理器和计算机软件分别处理。这种设计架构具有开放灵活、可继承移植、升级快捷等特点,在此系统平台上研发的信号处理算法程序,能够快速地将国内外最先进的天气雷达信号处理研究成果转化成应用,并扩展到各种型号的天气雷达系统中;同时,在硬件设计上,信号处理器性能优异,支持天气雷达双线偏振升级,具有标准化特性,通过更换此模块能解决历史上使用过的各型号各版本信号处理器的技术差异问题。应用本系统后的天气雷达,观测天气目标的准确性和全面性都大幅提高。     

基于虚拟仪器技术的自动气象站数据采集与处理系统

在XYZ06型地面遥测气象仪的基础上,基于虚拟仪器技术研制了一套气象要素自动采集与处理系统,替代了该气象仪的数据采集器和数据预处理器的功能,可进行温度、湿度的采集、处理、显示、保存和发送.插入该气象仪终端计算机的数据采集卡ACL-8216能与气象仪的观测业务软件通讯,通讯命令字及其意义可实时显示于屏幕上.该虚拟气象数据采集器可方便地应用于自动气象站的教学实践,并可大大降低实验的设备费用.     

新一代天气雷达产品综合显示系统的设计与实现

针对强对流天气监测业务及预报预警服务需求,并充分发挥新一代天气雷达组网建设的效益,设计开发了具有自主知识产权的新一代天气雷达产品综合显示系统。该系统根据地市级气象部门天气雷达产品的数据源现状,基于GIS几何对象模型和分布式实时数据流处理框架对多台雷达产品数据进行快速处理和网络传输;结合网络地理信息系统(WebGIS)技术提供雷达产品Web地图服务接口;采用HTML5技术实现雷达产品对比分析显示功能。     

多普勒天气雷达地图系统的设计与实现

根据国家测绘局提供的地理数字线划图数据DLG及中国新一代天气雷达CINRAD所需地图投影变换后的数据格式，研究天气雷达地图信息处理技术，设计了相应的系统软件。该雷达地图生成系统能够根据国家测绘局提供的地图数据实时生成符合我国CINRAD要求格式的全国任何一个地点指定探测范围内的地图，并可在雷达数据终端和雷达产品进行叠加显示。     

新一代多普勒天气雷达三级终端的设计与应用

结合新一代多普勒天气雷达在业务使用过程中的实际情况,指出现有2级终端PUP显示模式无法满足多用户的需求,即一个RPG系统最多只能提供8个PUP用户使用,当数据量较大时经常会出现漏生成基数据或网络丢包等现象,往往连最基本的8个PUP用户的需求都满足不了。通过分析二级终端模式的工作原理和网络带宽支撑,设计出利用第3级PUP来接收显示雷达产品的方法:首先通过FTP自动分发程序将产品分发到第3级计算机终端上,再利用PUP软件的产品猎手功能实现雷达产品在3级终端上的自动实时显示,与2级显示终端无异。     

虚拟数字视频积分器的研制及应用

从理论和实际两个方面具体的论述了虚拟数字视频积分器的原理和研制过程，简化了数字天气雷达系统的强度场数字处理终端。把所有的数字处理和计算交给电脑完成、从而用虚拟的终端代替了原来的数字视频积分器(DVIP)。     

CINRAD/CC天气雷达伺服系统故障诊断方法

伺服系统主要负责接收雷达终端发送操作指令,经过处理后产生驱动信号去控制天线作扫描运动,同时还要接收天线旋转变压器送来的角度信息,经过量化后送信号处理系统.如果伺服系统不能接收终端发送来的天线作扫描运动的指令,或者不能产生正确的驱动信号,都将造成雷达天线停止扫描.如果雷达天线扫描可以进行,但天线转动的方位俯仰角度数据不能正确地送到信号处理系统,最终造成终端扫描图出现条状或环形状,或者存储过程中缺少某一扫描层.利用伺服系统信号流程及结构原理和关键点波形及参数,结合两个故障案例,对伺服系统故障的成因进行分析,给出伺服系统故障诊断和排障方法,并结合历次伺服系统出现的故障,对伺服系统故障进行了归类,旨在积累经验达到快速排除伺服系统故障的目的.     

用频谱仪检修CINRAD/CC雷达接收系统故障

针对云南省普洱雷达站新一代天气雷达接收系统出现的一次特殊故障,通过对主要性能指标进行标定和分析,判断雷达接收系统出现故障,并根据接收系统的工作原理和信号流程,运用频谱分析仪对接收系统的各信号频谱进行测试分析,完成故障定位和排除。此次故障排除过程充分体现了频谱分析仪在接收系统故障处理中的重要性。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on