既有居住建筑节能改造外部性及其量化研究

既有商品住宅节能改造具有一定程度的外部性,阻碍了节能改造的深入开展。通过分析节能改造外部性的产生原因和外部性表现,建立外部性测算方法,为外部性内部化,构建节能改造外部性偿还机制提供必要依据。采用经济学理论与方法对既有商品住宅节能改造外部性的产生和表现等进行了分析,在识别外部性供体与受体的基础上,提出了节能改造外部性的测算方法。通过案例分析论证了外部性测算方法的适用性。结果表明,应减轻或消除外部性对节能改造的影响,采取必要手段将节能改造外部性内部化,构建统一的节能改造外部性测算方法,建立节能改造外部性偿还与节能量交易机制。     

既有居住建筑节能改造前、后能耗调查及分析

基于济南市三幢既有居住建筑节能改造前、后的能耗调查数据,着重分析了节能改造对夏季制冷能耗的影响。由于节能改造后居民生活方式变化和居民生活水平提高等原因,节能改造后三幢建筑最热月阶段的制冷能耗依然逐年增加。由于三幢建筑节能改造时间不同,通过相互比较,发现节能改造降低了最热月阶段制冷能耗的增长速率,并确认节能改造后居民生活方式的变化对节能收益的影响。     

某实验楼中央空调系统节能改造与节能测试分析

文章以深圳市某实验楼中央空调系统节能改造工程实例为研究对象,分析了改造之前的空调状况,依据实际针对性地提出综合节能改造方案,实施改造后,进行了相关节能测试对比分析,本项目实现节能率达54. 8%,取得了良好的节能效果及较明显的经济效益,可为同类项目及节能测试提供一定的参考。     

热回收水源热泵与太阳能在节能改造中的应用

介绍了热回收水源热泵结合太阳能制热水在节能改造中的应用,并分析了其节能效果,为今后节能改造提供了参考。     

工业燃煤锅炉运行现状及节能改造研究

当前在用的工业燃煤锅炉多数存在燃烧效率不高、能耗大等问题,因此,对工业燃煤锅炉进行节能改造迫在眉睫。本文通过对某工业燃煤锅炉的运行现状分析。本文介绍了节能改造方案及具体节能措施。节能改造效果表明,锅炉的燃烧效率和耗能量都有了较大的改善,取得了较好的经济效益,对工业燃煤锅炉的节能改造也有一定参考价值。     

地源热泵技术在北方既有小区节能改造中的应用

通过具体实例,对地源热泵技术在北方既有小区节能改造中的应用进行了分析,凸显出地源热泵技术在节能改造中的经济效益和社会环境效益,为北方地区同类工程节能改造提供参考。     

自管锅炉房供暖循环动力系统节能改造效果分析

本文介绍了在《既有热水供暖循环动力系统节能改造研究》课题研究中,对某自管锅炉房供暖循环动力系统关键设备的诊断与理论估算分析,提出改造方案,并对改造后的供暖系统进行了节能监测,实现了改造预期的节能效果。文中通过总结分析改造经验,提出了自管供暖锅炉房运行系统管理措施与建议,可为类似工程的改造与运行提供参考。     

甘肃中小学既有单面教学楼节能改造技术

既有建筑物的节能改造已成为解决我国能源供需矛盾的主要措施,符合国家提出的节能减排政策。本文在对甘肃中小学既有教学楼调研分析的基础上,遵循节能改造的标准,从墙体、屋顶等外围结构提出了甘肃省中小学既有单面教学楼节能改造的技术方案,为甘肃省中小学既有教学楼节能改造提供一定的理论参考和实际指导价值。     

发电厂高压电机节能变频改造的技术分析

随着我国经济水平的不断提升和电力系统整体水平的持续进步,发电厂高压电机节能变频改造的技术得到了越来越广泛的关注。本文对发电厂高压电机节能变频改造技术进行简析,对发电厂高压电机节能变频改造技术应用进行了分析。     

浅谈医院建筑节能

本文总结、分析了目前医院建筑能耗及节能改造现状,结合医院建筑能耗特点,提出了采用系统节能方法,通过能效审计,寻找节能机会,从加强用能管理出发,进行节能改造,优化设备运行的,有针对性的节能解决方案。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。