胸腺素脂质体的免疫作用

研究结果表明：与胸腺素注射液比较，胸腺素脂质体对小鼠炭廓清实验，１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ能显著地增加小鼠外周血中单核吞噬细胞的吞噬指数（Ｐ＜０．０５）；巨噬细胞吞噬实验，能提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数（Ｐ＜０．００１），对抗环磷酰胺对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．００１），提高环磷酰胺抑制小鼠的胸腺指数（Ｐ＜０．０１）和脾指数（Ｐ＜０．０５）．     

消疲灵颗粒对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响

目的观察消疲灵颗粒对小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响。方法腹腔注射环磷酰胺100mg/kg造成小鼠免疫功能低下模型，分6组，每组10只，分别为模型组，空白对照组，大、中、小剂量组，阳性药对照组，计算廓清指数（K）和较正廓清指数（a）。结果小鼠灌胃消疲灵15d后，对环磷酰胺引起的免疫功能低下，有提高K值（廓清指数）的作用。与模型组比较差异有显著性意义P<0.05，对a值未见明显影响P>0.05。结论本品可提高肌体非特异性免疫功能。     

蜂王浆类制剂SK初乳素R-1对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：研究蜂王浆类制剂SK初乳素R-1对正常小鼠非特异性免疫功能、体液免疫功能、功细胞免疫功能的影响。方法：以SK初乳素R-1连续灌胃给药15d，测定小鼠增强小鼠炭末廓清能力、小鼠血清溶血素抗体水平、血清IL-2含量、抗体生成细胞数、脾淋巴细胞增殖能力等。结果：SK初乳素R-1各剂量组能增强小鼠炭末廓清率和廓清指数，各剂量组均能明显升高小鼠血清溶血素抗体水平（P〈0．01），提高小鼠血清IL-2含量（P〈0．01），促进小鼠抗体细胞形成（P〈0．01），增强ConA诱导的脾淋巴细胞增殖能力（P〈0．01）。结论：蜂王浆类制剂SK初乳素R-1具有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

酶降解的枸杞多糖免疫增强作用实验研究

目的研究酶降解的枸杞多糖（LBP）对正常小鼠及免疫功能低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法酶解法得到中相对分子质量枸杞多糖,分别以50,100,200 mg/kg小鼠灌胃给药,连续10 d,通过免疫器官质量测定、炭粒廓清试验、脾脏T及B淋巴细胞转化试验观察其对免疫功能的影响。注射环磷酰胺造成免疫功能低下模型,测定小鼠的白细胞数、胸腺指数、脾指数,观察其对免疫功能的影响。结果与对照组比较,中、高剂量酶降解的枸杞多糖能增大脾脏指数及胸腺指数（P〈0.01）,能提高吞噬指数及校正吞噬指数（P〈0.05）,能提高B淋巴细胞增殖能力（P〈0.05）;中剂量酶降解的枸札多糖能提高T淋巴细胞增殖能力（P〈0.05）;低、中、高剂量酶降解的枸杞多糖均能提高环磷酰胺模型小鼠的白细胞数、胸腺指数、脾指数（P〈0.05）。结论酶降解的枸杞多糖具有免疫增强作用。     

妇炎清糖浆对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：研究妇炎清糖浆的免疫作用。方法：以健康早性KM小鼠和环磷酰胺致免疫低下模型小鼠为对象，观察妇炎清糖浆对小鼠单核细胞吞噬功能（采用碳粒廓清法）、2，4二硝基氯苯（2，4-dinitrochlorobenzene，DNCB）致小鼠迟发性过敏反应以及血清溶血素生成的影响。结果：妇炎清糖浆能显著增强小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能（P〈0.05）、胸腺指数（P〈0．05）、血清溶血素的含量和迟发性变态反应（P〈0．05）的作用。结论：妇炎清糖浆对非特异免疫及特异性免疫功能都有一定的促进作用，有助于盆腔炎疾病的恢复。     

三叶悬钩子对小鼠免疫器官和巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响

目的观察三叶悬钩子对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法连续14d给小鼠灌胃（i.g.）三叶悬钩子总提物,观察三叶悬钩子对正常小鼠免疫器官指数的影响;碳廓清实验法测定小鼠网状内皮系统（RES）中巨噬细胞（MΦ）的吞噬功能。结果三叶悬钩子能明显提高正常小鼠的脾脏及胸腺指数;提高小鼠RES中MΦ吞噬碳粒的能力,且三叶悬钩子对提高免疫器官指数及吞噬指数有剂量依赖关系。结论三叶悬钩子可刺激肝脾增重和活化RES,说明三叶悬钩子对小鼠免疫功能有增强作用。     

混合真菌多糖制剂对小鼠耐力及免疫功能的影响

研究混合真菌多糖制剂对小鼠耐力及免疫功能的影响。方法：混合真菌多糖制剂按４．０、８．０ｇ／ｋｇ连续灌胃给药 ７ ｄ,分别测定小鼠耐缺氧能力、抗疲劳作用、免疫器官称重以及网状内皮系统吞噬功能等。结果：混合真菌多数能明显提高小鼠的耐缺氧及抗疲劳能力,促进正常小鼠免疫器官重量增加,增加网状内皮系统的吞噬功能,并能使环磷酸胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠外周血白细胞增加,促进骨髓有核细胞增殖及增加脾指数。结论：混合真菌多精制剂具有增强机体免疫功能及升高白细胞等作用。     

复方阿胶颗粒调节激素水平及抗炎、免疫作用研究

［摘 要］目的：研究复方阿胶颗粒对激素水平的调节作用及其抗炎、免疫作用。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）,考察复方阿胶颗粒对大鼠卵泡刺激素和雌二醇分泌的影响;采用炭末廓清法,考察复方阿胶颗粒对环磷酰胺所致小鼠非特异性免疫功能低下小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能的影响;采用巴豆油致小鼠耳肿胀模型,考察复方阿胶颗粒的抗炎作用。结果：复方阿胶颗粒对成年大鼠血清卵泡刺激素和雌二醇水平具有降低作用;复方阿胶颗粒高剂量组可明显提高小鼠网状内皮系统吞噬功能,提高廓清指数K值和校正廓清指数α值,与模型对照组相比具有显著性差异;复方阿胶颗粒对巴豆油致小鼠耳肿胀具有一定的抑制作用。结论：复方阿胶颗粒具有调节激素水平、调节免疫和抗炎作用,为其治疗月经不调提供了药效学基础。     

黄芪冲剂对小鼠免疫系统影响的实验研究

研究结果表明,黄芪冲剂能明显增强小鼠网状内皮的吞噬功能,增加小鼠主要免疫器官（脾、胸腺）的重量,与空白组相比,均具有显著或极显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）,且作用随着剂量增加而增强。     

葆肾康颗粒对正常小鼠炭粒廓清指数和血清溶血素的影响

目的：探讨葆肾康颗粒对正常小鼠免疫功能的的影响。方法：利用免疫学相关技术对小鼠对照组、葆肾康颗粒低、中、高剂量组的碳粒廓清指标、血清溶血素水平及脏器指数进行测定。结果：与对照组小鼠比较,高剂量组吞噬系数显著升高（P〈0．05）;各给药组半数溶血值均明显升高（P〈0．05）;低、高剂量组脾指数显著升高（P〈0．05）;各给药组胸腺指数均有显著升高（P〈0．05）。结论：葆肾康颗粒具有促进正常小鼠非特异性免疫和体液免疫功能的作用。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.