TB5钛合金板试件疲劳破坏过程的宏微观跨尺度数值模拟

为了研究TB5钛合金板试件从微观初始缺陷到宏观疲劳断裂全过程中的跨尺度数值模拟问题,以约束应力表征材料的疲劳损伤度,以约束应力区裂纹模型描述材料从微观到宏观的疲劳破坏过程,以应变能密度因子作为宏微观跨尺度疲劳裂纹扩张的控制参量,发展了一种宏微观跨尺度疲劳破坏过程的数值模拟方法。在该模型中,可通过疲劳源处材料初始缺陷大小和3个尺度效应函数来表征材料微观因素对疲劳破坏过程的影响。对TB5钛合金光滑板试件(应力集中系数Kt=1)和含切口板试件(Kt=3)进行了数值模拟计算,结果表明,计算S-N曲线与试验S-N曲线能够精准吻合。通过考虑微观效应,其疲劳寿命试验数据的离散性也可由模型计算结果得以体现。     

中碳钢疲劳短裂纹萌生与扩展特性

试验研究了不同热处理状态的３５＃钢试样表面疲劳短裂萌生与扩展特性。结果表明：微结构尺寸及其分布特性对短裂纹萌生与扩展行为有较大影响；短裂纹萌生与扩展寿命可用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布定量描述。     

缺口应力集中对AL6061铝合金超高周疲劳性能的影响

利用超声疲劳试验方法考察了AL6061铝合金缺口试样的疲劳强度,分别对板状光滑试样和缺口试样进行了10~5周次～10~(10)周次范围内的对称疲劳试验。试验载荷为轴向拉压R=-1,加载频率为20 kHz,环境温度为室温,试验结果显示,在10~(10)周次范围内光滑试样和缺口试样的S-N曲线都出现了极限平台型的特征,存在传统疲劳理论定义的疲劳极限,且试样的疲劳性能随着应力集中系数的增加而降低。大多数试样疲劳裂纹萌生于表面,但随着疲劳周次的增加,AL6061铝合金疲劳缺口系数和疲劳缺口敏感系数增加。理论应力集中系数为2.54的试样其疲劳缺口敏感系数为0.89,理论应力集中系数为3.27的试样其疲劳缺口敏感系数为0.82,疲劳缺口敏感系数接近1,表明AL6061铝合金具有非常高的缺口敏感性,在实际工程应用中,须充分考虑应力集中对该材料及相应结构疲劳强度的影响。     

描述微裂纹成核与扩展的疲劳损伤多尺度模型及其应用

利用多尺度模拟的方法建立了针对疲劳损伤累积过程中微裂纹成核与扩展阶段的疲劳损伤多尺度模型,对模型的有效性进行了实验验证,并将其应用于变幅疲劳载荷下某装甲车传动轴的疲劳寿命评估中.研究结果表明,所提模型能同时预测宏观尺度疲劳损伤与细观尺度微裂纹的成核与扩展率,利用该模型所预测的宏观疲劳损伤值与实验所测值相符.该模型既能合理地描述宏观尺度下不同应力水平的疲劳损伤演化过程,又能综合反映细观尺度下微裂纹的成核与扩展行为.利用这种多尺度疲劳损伤模型可以预测结构在疲劳微裂纹成核与扩展阶段所消耗的疲劳寿命,为各类结构疲劳损伤累积过程评估和准确进行寿命预测提供了一种新途径.     

高层钢框架支撑结构多尺度风致疲劳分析方法

为了研究高层钢结构风致疲劳性能,提出了一种由整体尺度到局部节点尺度再到局部焊缝尺度的结构多尺度疲劳分析方法.选取某高层钢框架支撑结构为实际工程,模拟了相应的风荷载,通过建立结构的多尺度有限元模型,对模型进行时程分析,确定了结构应力较为集中的梁柱节点,并得到其应力集中的区域.然后,采用热点应力法对裂纹萌生寿命进行评估,并研究了单元类型及网格划分尺寸对结果的影响.结果表明:该结构底层边跨梁柱节点内侧梁上翼缘板的侧下部易产生较大的应力集中而萌生疲劳裂纹;对于焊缝附近的网格划分类型来说,线性单元及网格尺寸4 mm已基本满足精度需要;该工程的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命为335 a.     

材料构型力驱动的复合型疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

基于材料构型力断裂准则,提出了一种描述复合型疲劳裂纹扩展规律的新模型,该模型不仅能够预测复合型裂纹的扩展路径,而且可以计算裂纹扩展寿命。以该模型为基础,对疲劳问题中的复合型裂纹扩展失效问题进行了研究。首先,根据材料构型力理论,建立了复合型疲劳裂纹扩展模型,开发了构型力的有限元计算程序,实现了疲劳裂纹扩展的数值计算;其次,采用构型力驱动准则,对Ⅰ型和I-II复合型疲劳裂纹进行了数值分析,计算了裂纹扩展路径以及扩展寿命,数值分析结果与试验结果基本一致,从而验证了该方法的有效性。最后,针对工程实际中可能出现的复杂疲劳裂纹扩展问题,具体研究了边界裂纹与圆孔缺陷干涉作用下的金属板疲劳问题,结果表明:斜裂纹角度以及孔洞与裂纹的相对位置均会影响扩展路径以及疲劳寿命;对于不含圆孔的斜裂纹问题,裂纹角度越大,寿命就越长,而对于含圆孔的边界裂纹问题,由于孔洞的存在导致了裂纹朝孔洞方向偏转和裂纹扩展速率减小,并可能发生止裂现象。     

腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的马尔可夫链模型及实验验证

在腐蚀环境下对LY12CZ铝合金试验件进行疲劳裂纹扩展实验,通过高倍显微镜观测并记录裂纹长度及相应的循环数。基于腐蚀条件下疲劳裂纹扩展数据的分散性及统计特性,提出用马尔可夫链模型模拟腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展,建立腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展规律的概率模型,得到给定疲劳寿命时的裂纹超出数概率分布和给定裂纹长度时的疲劳寿命累积概率分布。将模拟结果与实验结果进行比较表明:马尔可夫链模型能够相当好地描述腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展规律,为飞机结构的寿命预测提供参考。     

钢桥面板疲劳裂纹钻孔止裂分析及实验验证

对紧凑拉伸试样进行有限元分析,考察止裂孔边缘的应力分布情况,对比不同状况下裂纹尖端的力学特性,研究了孔径及附加孔对止裂效果的影响.结合钢桥面板局部模型实验,对开裂试件打孔止裂后进行疲劳实验,通过比较不同试件的疲劳寿命,对有限元分析结果进行了验证.分析和实验结果表明,经过止裂孔钻孔处理后,应力集中点位于试样预制裂纹直线延伸方向与止裂孔孔边缘相交处,相对于未打孔,裂纹尖端应力显著下降.裂纹尖端打孔止裂,能够提高构件疲劳寿命,且孔径越大,止裂效果越明显,孔径8mm以后,增大孔径所产生的止裂效果逐渐降低.不同孔径钻孔处理的疲劳试件,各阶段裂纹再次扩展速率相当,属于裂纹中速率扩展区,附加孔并没有影响裂纹扩展速率,但使疲劳寿命显著地提高.     

基于工业CT图像的材料疲劳寿命预测

工业CT(industrial computer tomography,ICT)是在无损伤状态下得到材料断层的二维灰度图像,以图像的灰度来分辨被检断面内部裂纹的萌生、扩展情况.在分析材料的工业CT图像基础上,提出了一种疲劳寿命预测方法.首先将裂纹的萌生、扩展过程分为显微尺度细观裂纹、CT尺度裂纹和宏观裂纹3个阶段;然后采用不同的裂纹萌生、扩展标准对材料疲劳寿命进行预测;最后相加各阶段预测寿命,得到材料疲劳寿命.与疲劳累积损伤理论法、名义应力法等方法相比,该方法预测的材料疲劳寿命具有较高的精度.     

基于直流电压降法的传热管疲劳裂纹扩展速率测量

介绍了基于直流电压降法测量蒸汽发生器传热管690合金轴向疲劳裂纹扩展速率的销加载拉伸方法。该方法与其他方法相比较,可以直接采用原始管状材料,在线连续测量管状试样在不同应力强度因子下的疲劳裂纹扩展。通过对标准紧凑拉伸试样的类比分析,建立传热管试样的销加载拉伸模型,并对该模型进行电学和力学有限元模拟分析,确定直流电压降数据采集方法。验证试验采用核电蒸汽发生器用690合金传热管,分别研究了室温和高温325℃空气中载荷和温度对材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响,试验结果采用Paris-Erdogan公式进行拟合,吻合度较好。扫描电镜下观察端口形貌,疲劳裂纹的扩展为穿晶形式,在穿晶断口上观察到明显的疲劳辉纹和微塑性区。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.