普乐可复替换环孢素A治疗肾移植术后“爬行肌酐”的疗效观察

目的:观察用普乐可复(以下简称FK506)替换环孢素A(以下简称CsA)治疗肾移植术后"爬行肌酐"的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析我院30例肾移植术后"爬行肌酐"的患者,观察患者由CsA转换为FK506治疗方案后肾功能的变化及其不良反应。结果":爬行肌酐"患者采用FK506替换CsA半年后,移植肾功能较前明显好转,血肌酐下降明显(P<0.05),同时降低了血脂水平并减少降脂药物及抗高血压药物的使用。结论:肾移植术后"爬行肌酐"患者采用FK506替换CsA可以提高移植肾的长期存活率。     

西罗莫司替代钙调磷酸酶抑制剂治疗肾移植后慢性移植肾肾病

目的 探讨采用西罗莫司（SRL）替换钙调磷酸酶抑制剂（CNI）治疗肾移植术后慢性移植肾肾病（CAN）的有效性和安全性。方法 在42例肾移植术后发生CAN的患者中，有32例采用以环孢素A（CsA）为主的免疫抑制方案；10例采用以他克莫司（FK506）为主的免疫抑制方案。将患者的CsA或FK506替换为SRL，停用CNI 12h后口服SRL，SRL的初始剂量为4mg，然后改为2mg／d，以后根据SRL的血药谷值浓度调整其使用剂量，使其血药谷值浓度维持在5～8μg／L。药物替换前、后霉酚酸酯和激素的用量不变。所有患者均随访1年，观察血肌酐、肌酐清除率的变化并监测血常规、血糖、血脂、肝功能等指标。结果 SRL替换CNI治疗1年后，25例患者的移植肾功能明显改善，替换治疗3～20周后移植肾功能好转；10例患者的移植肾功能维持稳定；但7例患者的肾功能继续恶化。替换治疗后，患者血肌酐从替换前的（218±14）μmol／L降为（187±11）μmol／L，肌酐清除率从替换前的（0．83±0．03）ml／s升高为（0．90±0．03）ml／s，替换前后比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。所有患者均未发生急性排斥反应和肿瘤等不良反应。结论 SRL替换CNI治疗慢性移植肾肾病是安全有效的，该方案的副作用主要是血脂增高。     

用他克莫司替换环孢素A预防和治疗肾移植后慢性移植肾肾病

目的 观察用他克莫司（FK506）替换环孢素A（CsA）预防和治疗肾移植术后慢性移植肾肾病的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析36例肾移植术后移植肾功能异常，病理检查确诊为慢性移植肾肾病（CAN）患者的临床资料。所有患者术后均采用以CsA为主的免疫抑制方案，临床确诊为CAN后，用FKS06替换CsA。FK506的起始剂量为原CsA剂量的1／50～1／100，维持剂量则根据患者的体重、发病情况、肾移植时间及FK506的血药谷值浓度确定，其他免疫抑制剂用量不变。观察换药后的移植肾功能变化，同时监测血糖、血脂和FK506的血药浓度。结果 用FK506替换治疗6个月后，患者的移植肾功能较替换前明显好转（P＜0．05），胆固醇、甘油三酯较替换前降低（P＜0．05），但血糖升高，出现新发糖尿病2例。结论 用FK506替换CsA可改善移植肾功能，提高移植肾的长期存活率。     

肝移植术后免疫抑制剂的替换应用

目的 探讨和总结肝脏移植术后免疫抑制剂的替换应用情况和经验。方法 回顾性分析我院1993年4月－2001年7月施行的67例肝脏移植，对48例早期肝移植患者中发生的免疫抑制剂替换应用情况进行总结。结果 48例患者中，21例（43．8％）因术后出现排斥反应或严重毒副作用而替换为其它免疫抑制方案。环孢素A（CsA 硫唑嘌呤（Aza)＋激素方案组（31例）中，15例（48．4％）进行替换；CsA 霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋激素组（14例）中，6例（43％）进行替换。发生排斥反应者常规应用激素冲击治疗，同时替换免疫抑制剂，将CsA替换为他克莫司（FK506）或提高CsA剂量，可获得有效控制；出现药物性肝损害者应及时减少CsA用量或成FK506，其肝功能多能改善；出现肾功能损害者应减少CsA用量并改联用MMF，或替换成FK506后可有效挽救肾功能；白细胞减少或严重感染者，应停用Aza或MMF，或将CsA改为FK506后可有效挽救肾功能；白细胞减少或严重感染者，应停用Aza或MMF，或将CsA改为FK506；神经系统病变经更换免疫抑制剂可以好转。结论 合理应用免疫抑制剂是提高肝移植成功率的关键之一；治疗中应视具体情况及时、果断、合理地转换免疫抑制剂，可以有效控制排斥反应、毒副作用及相关并发症，提高移植肝的存活率。     

他克莫司替换环孢素A治疗肾移植后肝、肝功能损害的临床观察

目的 观察他克莫司（FK506）替换环孢素A（CsA)治疗肾移植后肝，肾功能损害的有效性及安全性。方法 将61例肾移植后肝，肾功能异常的患者分为：肝损害组（Ⅰ组，23例）。肾损害组（Ⅱ组。20例）及肝，肾均损害组（Ⅲ组，18例）。观察用FK506替换CsA12个月后各组患者肝，肾功能变化情况及药物的不良反应。结果 用FK506替换CsA12个月后各组患者肝，肾功能变化情况及药物的不良反应。结果 用FK506替换CsA12个月后，Ⅰ组中87.8%的患者明显恢复，Ⅱ组中65.8%明显恢复，而且替换期间未出现急性排斥反应。主要不良反应为血糖升高，震颤等。经对症治疗及调整FK506药量后症状均缓解。结论 用FK506替换CsA是治疗肾移植后肝，肾功能损害的一种安全而有效的措施。     

肾移植术后早期无尿或少尿的诊治(附66例报告)

目的:探讨肾移植术后早期无尿或少尿的原因及诊治方法.方法:回顾性分析66例肾移植术后早期无尿或少尿患者的发生情况.并分别应用以FK506或CsA为主的免疫抑制剂(FK506/CA+MMF+Pred)等综合治疗方案.结果:66例肾移植术后早期无尿或少尿的主要原因是急性肾小管坏死(77.27%),其次是急性排斥反应(10.61%),其中有2例移植肾原发无功能和移植肾破裂、肾动脉栓塞各1例术后切除移植肾.FK506组的34例移植肾功能在术后5～35天内均恢复正常,CsA组有1例因急性排斥反应合并严重肺部感染而死亡,24例移植肾功能在术后7～48天内均恢复正常,3例血肌酐在142～215 μmol/L之间.结论:肾移植术后早期出现无尿或少尿后应及时分析原因,并给予相应的综合治疗.FK506+MMF+Pred的三联免疫治疗有助于移植肾功能的早期恢复.     

舒莱联合免疫抑制剂对移植肾功能恢复的临床分析

目的：探讨白细胞介素2受体（IL-2R）单克隆抗体（商品名舒莱）联合其他免疫抑制剂对移植肾功能恢复的影响。方法：44例肾移植受者随机分成舒莱诱导治疗组（22例）和对照组（22例），两组患者均采用三联免疫抑制剂骁悉（MMF）＋环孢素A（CsA）或普乐可复（FK506）＋醋酸泼尼松龙治疗。结果：肾移植术后患者移植肾功能延迟恢复发生率两组无明显区别（P〉O．05），诱导治疗组急性排斥反应发生率（4．5％）明显低于对照组（27．3％），差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论：舒莱的临床应用有效降低了急性排斥反应发生率，但对移植肾功能延迟恢复疗效不显著；舒莱＋MMF＋FK506的联合应用对移植肾功能恢复有很好疗效。     

五酯片对口服他克莫司肾移植受者的影响

目的：探讨肾移植受者术后联用五酯片的安全性、有效性和经济性。方法：自2007年6月～至2009年6月该中心施行同种异体尸肾移植并采用FK506＋吗替麦考酚酯（MMF）＋醋酸泼尼松（Pred）为免疫抑制方案的患者中,随机选取病例纳入治疗组,术后以FK506联合五酯片口服,另随机选取免疫抑制方案相同患者作为对照。随访期满1年后比较两组间FK506用量、移植肾功能、肝功能（ALT）、急性排斥反应（AR）发生率、肺部感染发生率。结果：两组AR及肺部感染发病率比较差异无统计学意义。两组患者每日FK506用量自服用五酯片1月后开始即差异有统计学意义,治疗组服用FK506剂量比对照组低。但两组术后1月、3月、6月及1年复查FK506血药浓度、移植肾功能、肝功能损害发病率差异均无统计学意义。结论：肾移植术后1年以内,五酯片的应用在FK506用量大幅减少的情况下使治疗组取得了与对照组相同的移植效果,肾移植术后联用五酯片有望成为安全、有效的途径来减少社会和患者的经济负担。     

西罗莫司替代钙调磷酸酶抑制剂方案治疗肾移植后“爬行肌酐”患者的疗效观察（附28例报告）

目的探讨采用西罗莫司替代钙调磷酸酶抑制剂（CNI）方案治疗肾移植后＂爬行肌酐＂患者的临床疗效。方法具有＂爬行肌酐＂表现的28例患者中,术后采用以环孢素（CsA）为主的三联免疫抑制方案20例,采用以他克莫司（FK506）为主的三联免疫抑制方案8例。患者确诊后即停用CsA或FK506,24h后给予西罗莫司,初始剂量6mg,维持剂量为2mg/d,以后根据西罗莫司的血药浓度来调整剂量,使其血药谷浓度维持在5～9μg/L,药物替代前后麦考酚吗乙酯（MMF）及肾上腺皮质激素（激素）的用量不变。随访6个月,定期观察移植物肾功能,记录排斥反应的发生情况,并监测血常规、血糖、血脂、肝功能等指标。结果移植物肾功能明显改善16例,患者的血清肌酐（Scr）由替代前（205±20）μmo1/L降为替代后的（153±18）μmo1/L,内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）由（51±3）ml/min升高为（56±3）ml/min（均为P〈0.05）;移植物肾功能维持稳定8例,移植物肾功能继续恶化2例。治疗中,1例发生急性排斥反应,移植肾失功并恢复血液透析,1例西罗莫司替代后出现明显骨髓抑制而放弃替代治疗,恢复替代前的免疫抑制方案。结论西罗莫司替代CNI治疗肾移植后＂爬行肌酐＂患者是一种比较安全并有效的方法,可明显改善移植物肾功能,但会使患者血脂升高。     

他克莫司和环孢素A对肾移植术后患者肝功能影响的临床比较观察

目的:研究和比较他克莫司（FK506）以及环孢素A（CsA)对肾移植术后患者肝功能的影响。方法：将肾移植术后患者随机分为FK506组和CsA组,FK506组8例,CsA组26例。CsA组中出现肝功能异常的6例患者用FK506进行替换治疗。两组均联合应用霉酚酸酯（MMF）和泼尼松（Pred)。结果：观察6个月,FK506组和CsA组中急性排斥的发生率差异 不显著;FK506组中未发现肝功能异常患者,CsA组中有6例患者肝功能异常;肝功能异常的6例患者用FK506替换CsA后,总胆红素（TBIL）、直接胆红素（DBIL）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）相继转为正常。结论：FK506免疫抑制剂效果与CsA相似,但对肝功能影响甚微,适合应用于术前有肝功损害或术后应用CsA后出现肝功能异常倾向的患者。     

Clinical Predictors of Proteinuria after Conversion to Sirolimus in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Proteinuria is an increasingly recognized effect of sirolimus (SRL) therapy in kidney transplant recipients. Predictors of proteinuria after conversion to SRL are not well described, and in particular the risk in African‐American (AA) kidney recipients is unknown. We sought to analyze risk factors for proteinuria with SRL therapy in a cohort of 39 patients (44% AA) converted from tacrolimus to SRL at a mean time of 4 months posttransplantation. Patients were maintained on therapy with mycophenolate mofetil while most patients underwent early steroid withdrawal. Urinary protein to creatinine ratio (Up/cr) at a mean of 14 months postconversion increased to ≥500 mg/g in 65% of AAs versus 14% of non‐AAs (p = 0.001). Mean arterial blood pressure at the time of conversion and pretransplant proteinuric kidney disease were also predictors of proteinuria after SRL conversion. In conclusion, AAs appear to be at high risk for proteinuria and should be monitored closely after conversion to SRL in calcineurin inhibitor sparing protocols.     

Predictors of renal function improvement following tacrolimus conversion in cyclosporine-treated kidney transplant recipients

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between variability of cyclosporine (CsA) absorption and tacrolimus (TAC) conversion seeking factors that predict improvement in allograft function after TAC conversion. We performed a retrospective study of 44 adult kidney transplant recipients undergoing conversion from CsA to TAC-based immunosuppression. Before TAC conversion, patients had complete, consecutive, 6 monthly C2 levels and a follow-up duration beyond 6 months after TAC conversion. The patients were divided into 2 groups: one (n=23) with low variability of CsA absorption and one (n=21) with high variability of CsA absorption. At TAC conversion, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was similar in both patient groups. Six months after TAC conversion, eGFR improved in both groups. Stepwise regression analysis revealed the DeltaSCr6 (change in serum creatinine level at 6 months) to be independently associated with the preconversion serum creatinine (SCr; P<.0001) and the percent coefficient of variation (%CV) of SCr (P=.0034). DeltaSCr6 was inversely associated with posttransplantation years (P=.0033), and 6-month TAC blood levels (P=.0053). The DeltaSCr6 was not associated with variability of oral CsA absorption. The cutoff value of baseline SCr at TAC conversion differentiated an increase in or reduction of SCr to be about 1.0 mg/dL. Our study of CsA-treated kidney transplant recipients who underwent TAC conversion showed that a preconversion SCr>1.0 mg/dL, a high variability of SCr, and early TAC conversion predicted greater short-term benefit on graft function.     

稳定期肾移植受者将他克莫司普通剂型转换为缓释剂型对移植肾功能的影响

目的观察稳定期肾移植受者由普通剂型他克莫司(Tac)转换为缓释剂型Tac后对移植肾功能的影响。方法回顾性分析山西省第二人民医院2011年12月至2019年6月由普通剂型Tac转换为缓释剂型Tac的83例稳定期肾移植受者,随访12~36个月,同时匹配83例继续服用普通剂型Tac的稳定期肾移植受者作为对照组。观察稳定期肾移植受者由普通剂型Tac转换为缓释剂型Tac后肾功能、谷值浓度个体内变异度(IPV)及依从性的变化、排斥反应的发生率及移植肾和移植受者的存活率。结果普通剂型Tac转换为缓释剂型Tac时间为移植后(42.76±30.50)个月,转换后24个月血清肌酐(SCr)明显低于转换前(P=0.013),估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)明显高于转换前(P=0.005)。试验组较对照组在转换后36个月SCr明显降低(P=0.017),eGFR明显增高(P=0.038)。试验组转换前免疫抑制剂治疗障碍量表(ITBS)得分为(20.23±2.89)分,转换后为(17.63±3.08)分(P=0.000);Tac每日剂量转换前是(2.09±0.84)mg,转换后为(2.10±0.83)mg;Tac谷值浓度转换前为(7.22±2.84)ng/mL,转换后显著降低,人/肾均健康存活。结论稳定期肾移植受者由普通剂型Tac转换为缓释剂型Tac肾功能保持稳定且较普通剂型Tac相对更好,依从性明显改善,谷值浓度个体内变异度明显降低,长期服用的临床疗效和安全性良好。     

Resistin, a new adipokine, is related to inflammation and renal function in kidney allograft recipients

BACKGROUND: Among patients without chronic kidney disease, resistin, an adipocytokine, has been related to inflammatory markers, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular disease in the metabolic syndrome. Moreover, resistin up-regulates adhesion molecules. Since inflammation and endothelial cell damage or injury are invariably associated with thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and their major clinical consequences, resistin may play a role to link inflammation and CVD. The aim of this study was to correlate resistin with markers of inflammation and endothelial cell injury in 96 kidney allograft recipients. METHODS: We measured resistin and the following markers of endothelial function/injury: vWF, thrombomodulin, VCAM, hsCRP, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). RESULTS: Triglycerides, CRP (assessed by high-sensitivity method), phosphate, creatinine, IL-6, TNFalpha, vWF, prothrombin fragments 1 + 2, and resistin were elevated among kidney transplant recipients compared with the control group. Kidney allograft recipients with coronary artery disease displayed significantly higher resistin levels than those in patients without this complication. Upon univariate analysis resistin levels in kidney allograft recipients were related to hsCRP, IL-6, thrombomodulin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count, creatinine, urea, VCAM, CSA, dose and eGFR. Upon multiple regression analysis, resistin was independently related only to creatinine, hsCRP, and white blood cell count in kidney allograft recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The relation of elevated resistin levels to markers of inflammation may represent a novel link between these conditions and adipocytokines. Renal function was a major determinant of elevated resistin in kidney allograft recipients.     

The use of an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody and mycophenolate mofetil enables the use of a low-dose tacrolimus and early withdrawal of steroids in renal transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: Reducing calcineurin-inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity and simultaneously avoiding long-term steroid related side-effects is a desirable goal in renal transplantation. We examined the hypothesis that using anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody induction and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) would allow the lowering of target pre-dose blood concentrations of tacrolimus immediately after transplantation and subsequently stopping steroids at 5 months. METHODS: Eighty-two kidney recipients were enrolled in a single-center study comparing two tacrolimus-based protocols. Group I (n = 41) patients received a standard-dose tacrolimus (blood concentration 10-15 ng/mL) with MMF and a standard dose corticosteroid. Group II (n = 41) patients were treated with a low-dose tacrolimus (blood concentration 5-10 ng/mL) and MMF, a low-dose corticosteroid (stopped after 5 months) and induction with daclizumab. RESULTS: Patient (95.1 versus 100%) and graft survival (92.6 versus 97.5%) at 1 yr were not different between groups. Patients of group II experienced significantly less acute rejections than group I (17.1 versus 41.4% p = 0.03). Delayed graft function occurred less often in group II (5 versus 12% p = 0.43). Graft function at 1 yr was significantly better in group II (serum creatinine 1.49 versus 1.69 mg/dL and creatinine clearance 59.6 versus 49 mL/min; p < 0.05). Corticosteroids could be stopped after 5 months in 82.9% of group II patients. CONCLUSION: A regimen consisting of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody induction and MMF allows the safe and efficient use of low-target pre-dose trough concentrations of tacrolimus and enables the early discontinuation of steroids. Preliminary results indicate a better 1-yr graft function compared to a normal-dose tacrolimus regimen.     

Stable kidney function in the second decade after kidney transplantation while on cyclosporine-based immunosuppression

BACKGROUND: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have been the mainstay of immunosuppressive protocols in kidney transplantation over the past 20 years. However, in some recipients, the adverse effects of CNIs contribute to chronic allograft nephropathy and death with function--the two leading causes of late graft loss. Other recipients maintain stable graft function. METHODS: We studied the impact of continuing CNI-based immunosuppression in the second decade after kidney transplantation. From 1984 through 1996, a total of 1,263 patients underwent a primary kidney transplant at the University of Minnesota and received cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Antibody induction was used only in deceased donor recipients. RESULTS: The actuarial 20-year patient survival rate was 38%; graft survival, 30%; and death-censored graft survival, 60%. The annual mean serum creatinine level for recipients whose grafts survived > or =1 year remained stable, although recipients with a history of > or =1 acute rejection episode had a higher serum creatinine level vs. recipients who were rejection-free. The annual mean calculated creatinine clearance was also stable over time. In addition, for recipients who were acute rejection-free, chronic allograft nephropathy/chronic rejection was only responsible for 9% of graft losses. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that some kidney transplant recipients tolerate long-term CNI-based immunosuppression with stable creatinine levels. Identifying certain recipients' predisposition to CNI toxicity and individualizing immunosuppressive therapy may be important in order to improve long-term kidney function, while simultaneously preserving low short-term acute rejection rates.     

Effect of a DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program on the quality of life in patients with kidney transplants

This quasi-experimental study attempted to show that nursing intervention using the DanJeon Breathing Exercise Program (DJBEP) improved the quality of life of recipients after kidney transplantation. DJBEP progressed in three steps. We prospectively included 29 outpatient volunteers: experimental group: n = 15; control group: n = 14. DJBEP derived from the Roy's adaptation model decreased both the stress and the uncertainty of kidney transplantation recipients. It has also been shown to restore serum cholesterol and serum creatinine levels and enhance strength and flexibility. Simultaneously, self-esteem was enhanced, and eventually adaptation was promoted both physiologically and psychologically. The quality of life of kidney transplantation recipients was enhanced. DJBEP played an effective role as a nursing intervention to promote the quality of life of kidney transplant patients by increasing their physiological and psychological status.     

Long-term results of a prospective randomized trial comparing tacrolimus versus cyclosporine in African– American recipients of primary cadaver renal transplant

The ideal immunosuppressive treatment for African-American kidney transplant recipients has not been established. We performed a long-term prospective randomized trial comparing the results of tacrolimus (TAC) and cyclosporine (CSA) in the African-American population. Thirty-five African-American primary cadaveric renal transplant (CRT) recipients were enrolled in the study. Group I (n = 14) received TAC and group II (n = 21) received CSA; mean follow up was 78 months. We found no difference in patient/graft survival rates between the groups. Twelve patients in the CSA group were converted to TAC, mostly because of hypercholesterolemia or as a rescue for an acute rejection episode. Significant lower creatinine and cholesterol levels were seen at 1 year post-transplant, but this difference lost significance at 3 and 5 years, possibly because of conversion of most patients from CSA to TAC. In conclusion, African-American recipients of primary CRTs can achieve excellent long-term results with TAC-based immunosuppression.     

Induction of tolerance to heart transplants by simultaneous cotransplantation of donor kidneys may depend on a radiation-sensitive renal-cell population

BACKGROUND: To determine the mechanism by which cotransplantation of a donor kidney and heart allograft induces tolerance to both organs in miniature swine, we examined the renal elements responsible for tolerance induction. METHODS: Recipients received 12 days of cyclosporine, and transplants were performed across a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I mismatch. Group 1 animals received heart transplants (n=5); group 2 animals received heart and kidney allografts with no other manipulation (n=4); group 3 animals received heart transplants and donor-specific renal parenchymal cells (n=4); group 4 animals received heart and kidney allografts from lethally irradiated donors (n=7); group 5 animals received irradiated hearts and nonirradiated kidneys (n=2); group 6 animals received nonirradiated hearts and peripheral blood leukocytes from swine MHC matched to recipients and becoming tolerant to donor antigen (n=2); group 7 animals received nonirradiated hearts and donor-specific peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC) (n=2). RESULTS: Animals in group 1 developed vasculopathy and fulminant rejection by day 55. Animals in group 2 never developed vascular lesions. Parenchymal kidney cell infusion (group 3) did not prolong cardiac survival. Animals in group 4 developed arteriopathy by postoperative day (POD) 28. Group 5 recipients accepted allografts without vascular lesions. Adoptive transfer of leukocytes from tolerant swine (group 6) prolonged cardiac graft survival as much as 123 days, whereas donor PBMC infusion (group 7) did not affect cardiac survival or development of arteriopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Radiosensitive elements in kidney allograft may be responsible for tolerance induction and prevention of chronic vascular lesions in recipients of simultaneous heart and kidney allografts.