闭合气压系统环流指数的定义及计算

定义了球面上单个气压系统的面积S、强度P、中心位置(λc,φc)3种环流指数;结合NCEP/NCAR月平均气压(位势高度)场资料,给出了它们的计算方法.实际计算了历年逐月500 hPa北半球极涡的上述环流指数,求得它们的逐月多年平均(气候)值.初步分析表明,它们能简洁定量地描述北半球极涡的季节变化和年际异常特征.S、P、(λc,φc)的定义和算法,也适用于极涡以外的其他闭合气压系统或球面上其他要素场中的闭合系统.     

冬季北极涛动与极涡的变化分析

利用NCEP／NCAR资料计算出冬季极涡面积（PVA）指数和极涡强度（PVI）指数，对冬季北极涛动（AO）和北半球500hPa极涡指数进行周期分析，讨论了冬季AO与极涡的年际、年代际变化。结果表明：冬季AO指数与PVA指数呈反相关关系，与PVI指数呈正相关关系，且AO指数呈上升趋势，PVA指数呈下降趋势。冬季AO指数、PVA指数以及PVI指数均具有多重周期。强（弱）AO指数年，极地500hPa高度场降低（升高），PVI指数偏大（偏小），PVA指数偏小（偏大）。500hPa高度场上亚洲大槽、北美大槽均减弱（加强）。AO可激发出类似EU遥相关型的异常，从而影响到东亚地区的气候。冬季AO指数在1982年发生突变，且突变后北太平洋地区的正中心位置更靠东，强度更大。此外，AO突变前后极涡变化不是很显著。     

北半球极涡新特征及其对中国冬季气温的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,统计了近50年500,300,200和100 hPa等压面上北半球及4个分区冬季极涡面积和强度指数,并讨论了各层等压面上不同区域极涡面积比例变化特点和500 hPa极涡中心位置变化特征,揭示了冬季各层极涡之间同期和滞后关系,分析了冬季极涡面积与中国平均温度和极端气温的关系。结果表明:(1)北半球极涡面积、强度均经历了先扩张后收缩的变化,20世纪80年代中后期气候变暖以后4层等压面上发生了极涡面积缩小,90年代中期发生强度减弱的年代际突变,只是较面积变化而言,强度年代际变化较弱,极涡面积和强度在年代际上相关显著。(2)位于平流层低层(100 hPa)的极涡年平均面积、强度最大,并且随季节变化幅度也是最大,尤以Ⅰ区(亚洲大陆区)、Ⅳ区(大西洋欧洲大陆区)更为显著。就年内变化而言,100 hPa极涡面积极大值的出现落后于其他层,极小值的出现又早于其他层,并且冬季前期100 hPa极涡面积对其后期500,300和200 hPa的变化有一定影响。(3)4层极涡面积都偏离Ⅳ区,500 hPa极涡基本偏向Ⅱ区(太平洋区)、Ⅲ区(北美大陆区),300,200和100 hPa偏向Ⅰ、Ⅱ区,500 hPa极涡中心多位于Ⅱ区或Ⅲ区。(4)在全球变暖背景下,近50年中国冬季平均气温、暖日(夜)呈现明显的增加趋势,冷日(夜)呈明显的减少趋势,并且突变都发生在20世纪80年代中期。(5)中国冬季平均气温、极端气温指数与极涡面积相关关系以500hPa最为显著。分区来看与500 hPaⅠ区相关最为明显,300 hPaⅠ区、200 hPaⅠ区和100 hPaⅣ区次之。极涡从平流层低层(100 hPa)到对流层中层(500 hPa)是从IV区到I区逐渐影响中国冬季气温。(6)500 hPaⅠ区极涡面积的扩大有利于除东北以外中国大部分地区冷日/夜(暖日/夜)次数的增加(减少),而100 hPaⅢ、Ⅳ区、500 hPaⅣ区面积的扩大有利于中国北方大部分地区冷日/夜(暖日/夜)次数增加(减少),且极涡面积与冷(暖)夜的相关系数要高于与冷(暖)日的,与冷日(夜)的相关系数要好于与暖日(夜)的。     

平流层极涡变化与我国冬季气温、降水的关系

利用国家气候中心提供的1951-2010年逐月环流指数资料,分析了北半球极涡强度指数、面积指数和中心强度指数的相关关系,并通过极涡强度指数的变化讨论了冬季北半球极涡强度的时间变化特征。结果表明,冬季极涡强度指数与面积指数和中心强度指数有较好的相关性,能够更好地反映冬季极涡强度的变化特征;冬季极涡存在准13年的年代际振荡周期,准5年的年际振荡周期在20世纪90年代后期较为明显。结合气温、降水观测资料和NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,探讨了极涡强、弱不同年份我国冬季气温、降水和大气环流形势的变化。相对极涡弱值年而言,极涡强值年我国北方地区、东部地区特别是东北地区的气温偏高,西南大部分地区的气温偏低,长江流域和华南地区的气温变化不明显;我国南方地区降水偏多,长江中下游和华南地区的降水偏多最为明显,北方地区的降水略有减少;500hPa高度场上高纬度地区的位势高度降低,中高纬度的位势高度升高,冷空气向极地聚集,东亚大槽减弱,我国东北和东部地区的气温偏高;同时东亚冬季风减弱,湿空气向我国内陆输送,长江流域和我国南方地区的降水偏多。     

北极涛动、极涡活动异常对北半球欧亚大陆冬季气温的影响

利用1951-2012年NCEP/NCAR全球月平均500 hPa高度场、气温场等再分析资料,北极涛动（AO）指数,北半球及其4个分区的极涡指数等资料,分析极涡和AO对北半球特别是欧亚大陆冬季气温异常分布的影响。北半球极涡面积指数与北半球气温相关场呈由北向南的“+、-”分布,显著正相关中心位于极区,显著负相关中心位于欧亚大陆中高纬度地区;AO指数与气温的相关场分布与此反位相。极涡各分区面积指数体现与各大洲气温显著相关的地域特征,尤其是亚洲极涡面积指数比AO的相关区域更偏向亚洲和中国东部及沿海地区,能表征亚洲大陆冬季风向中低纬度爆发的某些特征。2006年以来AO指数呈较明显的下降趋势,北半球、亚洲区极涡面积指数呈显著的上升趋势,这是有利于欧亚大陆近几年连续冬季气温异常偏低的年代际背景;2009-2011年北半球欧亚大陆冬季大范围低温事件,不仅与冬季AO负位相明显变强有关（2011年除外）,与北半球以及亚洲区极涡面积指数偏大联系更为密切,亦表明该区域冬季变冷的自然变率明显增强。     

300 hPa北极涡年际及年代际变化特征的研究

利用NCEP/NCAR 1949—2002年月平均再分析高度场资料,通过线性倾向估计、二项式系数加权平均、Morlet小波分析等诊断方法,系统地讨论了300 hPa北半球极涡面积、强度及中心位置的年际和年代际变化特征,结果表明:(1)年平均北极涡的面积在20世纪70年代中期之前在总的上升趋势中有几次较小的波动,之后在总体下降趋势中有几次较大的起伏;Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的线性变化趋势非常小,Ⅳ区最大,夏季的年际变化相对明显一些,秋季变化最弱,各季节均有线性收缩趋势,冬季幅度最大,秋季最小。(2)年平均极涡强度的年际、年代际变化特征与极涡面积有相似之处,但不同年份存在显著差异;各分区的强度变化与北半球类似(特别是Ⅰ区);夏季的年际变化幅度最大,春、夏季年代际变化的特征明显,秋季最弱。(3)北极涡中心位置通常并不在北极点,各分区极涡总面积所占的百分比有明显差异,且有月际变化,这些差异与海陆热力差异造成的环流的差异密切相关;极涡的主要位置有一定的年际、年代际变化特征;极涡中心位置主要偏向亚洲大陆及太平洋一侧。     

北极海冰和北半球500hPa极涡的相互关系

利用NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°的500 hPa高度场月平均再分析资料和1°×1°的海冰资料分别计算了北半球500 hPa极涡面积、极涡强度指数和北极海冰面积指数,分析了它们的经向分布、周期变化以及长期变化趋势中的突变。结果表明,海冰和极涡在经向分布上有明显差异,就东西半球而言它们的相对位置也不一样。除了都具有4个月、准半年、准1 a、4~5 a和10 a的共同周期外,还呈现出各自的周期变化。北极海冰面积自20世纪80年代以来呈明显减小趋势,北半球极涡面积也呈减小趋势,但是它们发生突变的时间却完全不同。海冰与极涡面积有显著的正相关关系,但海冰和极涡强度、极涡面积和极涡强度之间的关系却纷繁复杂。     

北半球10 hPa极地涡旋环流指数定义及分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析值10 hPa月平均高度场资料定义和计算了1948-2007年北半球10 hPa极地涡旋的强度指数(P)、 面积指数(S)和中心位置指数(λc, φc)。用它们分析了北半球10 hPa极地涡旋的季节变化和年际异常规律, 研究了它们与全球增暖、 臭氧（O3）异常和极地涛动（AO）的关系。结果表明： (1）北半球10 hPa层高纬6~8月为反气旋（A）控制; 9月~3月为气旋（C）控制。春季环流转型（C→A）缓慢; 秋季转型（A→C）迅速。(2）P、 S异常的年际变化具有同步性, 故异常分析仅取P进行。隆冬（1月）P的异常主要表现为年际尺度（10年以下周期）振荡, 不存在明显的年代际变化; 盛夏（7月）极地反气旋强度年代际变化显著。(3）隆冬极地气旋中心位置的异常明显大于盛夏反气旋。(4）极区中平流层平均气温的演变1、 7月迥异, 但它们与P的演变同步; 与全球增暖趋势无显著相关, 但7月P与O3异常有显著正相关。(5）隆冬（1月）10 hPa气旋强度指数P与极地涛动指数AO存在显著正相关, 故可用10 hPa ′表示AO。     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际型态及其与大气环流的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用31点带通数字滤波、线性相关和合成分析方法,研究了1961/1962—2010/2011年冬季北太平洋风暴轴西部、东部区域强度指数的年际演变特征,划分了风暴轴的典型型态,并进一步探讨了与同期北半球500 hPa位势高度场和SLP的关系。结果表明:风暴轴气候态的极大值区域位于中纬度北太平洋中西部,最大值点的频数集中区域和均方差分布的异常中心都有两个。风暴轴西部和东部区域强度指数(WI和EI)的年际演变具有独立性,典型型态可分为单、双中心型两类。WI(EI)指数与北半球500 hPa位势高度场的相关分布类似于WP(PNA)遥相关型;单中心型风暴轴偏强时,极涡南扩,平均槽加深;呈双中心型时,极涡明显偏西。WI(EI)指数与SLP的相关分布类似于NPO(NAO)遥相关型;单中心型风暴轴偏强(弱)时,SLP距平场呈AO遥相关型的正(负)异常位相。     

黑龙江省2006年冬季异常偏暖气候分析

重点分析了2006年黑龙江省冬季异常偏暖是在气候变暖的年代际变化趋势背景下形成的。厄尔尼诺事件的发生、西太平洋副热带高压增强、东亚大槽偏弱、亚洲极涡面积指数偏小和北半球500 hPa大气环流异常等是造成黑龙江省2006年冬季气温持续偏暖的主要原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on