蛋清基脂肪替代品对冰淇淋的理化性质及微观结构的影响

利用蛋清基脂肪替代品降低高脂冰淇淋中的脂肪,开发低脂冰淇淋。通过理化性质测量、感官评价和微观结构的观察,综合分析脂肪替代品在冰淇淋中的代脂肪效果。结果表明：脂肪替代率15%时,冰淇淋的气泡和脂肪总聚集数量多,膨胀率提高,从54.9%增大到72.6%,而融化率降低,从48.32%降低到24.3%。在脂肪替代率25%～30%时,冰淇淋的口感和接受度降低。因此,脂肪替代率15%时,冰淇淋的可接受度最佳。     

籼米为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋流变学性质的影响

研究了籼米为基质脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋中不同脂肪含量对冰淇淋流变性质的影响。结果表明:随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪替代品含量增加或脂肪含量减少,冰淇淋浆料的黏度逐渐降低、冰淇淋的硬度逐渐降低、冰淇淋的黏性和弹性均逐渐下降。感官评定获得的冰淇淋的质构变化趋势与流变仪测定的冰淇淋黏弹性变化趋势一致,质构仪测定的冰淇淋硬度在8000g时感官评定结果最好。     

低卡型与普通型冰淇淋显微结构及其混料流变学性质比较研究

显微结构比较表明,普通型冰淇淋显微结构中存在锁链状半连续相的脂肪球三维网络结构并构成其主要框架,低卡型冰淇淋结构中仅含有由卡拉胶等多糖分子形成的凝胶网络结构并构成其主要框架,流变学研究表明,两种类型冰淇淋混料均属于屈服－假塑性流体。脂肪含量减少,蔗糖被取代会引起其混料表观粘度的降低,从而影响低卡型冰淇淋的抗融化性。     

低能量保健冰淇淋的开发研究

以木糖醇代替蔗糖，以大豆分离蛋白代替脂肪，并加入具有减肥和调理功能的甲壳素，制成了一种新型的低能量保健冰淇淋。这种产品十分适宜儿童、糖尿病患者、肥胖者等特殊人群的需求。同时通过正交试验，确定了这种产品的最佳工艺配方。     

冰淇淋用乳化稳定剂的新动向

前言近10年来，国际上的冰淇淋出现一股高级化热浪．各著名公司纷纷推出超高级冰淇淋．低档冰淇淋中上市了一些有特色的产品，例如1992年上市的西瓜雪贝特、南瓜冰淇淋．有些冰淇淋中使用了代替脂肪的淀粉，属于保健食品。制造超高级冰淇淋时，必须使用不影响产品特色风味的乳化剂和稳定剂。本文列举了目前国际上在冰淇淋中尚在使用的乳化剂、稳定剂的性质，及其选用原则。1．冰淇淋的乳化剂在冰淇淋制造的各个过程中，其牛乳中的脂肪球的集散有所不同，乳化剂的作用是促使脂肪球呈微细粒状而凝聚，并使其保持稳定，参见图1．乳化剂因分子结…     

低脂冰淇淋的性质研究

用籼米为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋配方中的部分脂肪开发了低脂冰淇淋；研究了低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率、抗融化能力、硬度、贮能模量和感官指标。结果表明：随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪含量减少，冰淇淋的膨胀率逐渐增加，抗融化能力略有下降，脂肪替代品能明显增加低脂冰淇淋的膨胀率并改善其抗融化性。低脂冰淇淋的硬度和G^＋下降。用模糊数学的方法评价了低脂冰淇淋的感官指标，发现低脂冰淇淋中脂肪的最佳含量为4％。脂肪替代品能明显改善低脂冰淇淋的感官品质。脂肪含量为4％的低脂冰淇淋的感官指标与中脂冰淇淋相当。     

糯米淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品对冰淇淋流变学性质的影响

实验选取籼糯和粳糯两个品种的糯米淀粉,研究了糯米淀粉为基质的脂肪替代品替代冰淇淋中不同脂肪含量对冰淇淋流变性质的影响。结果表明:随着冰淇淋配方中脂肪替代品含量增加或脂肪含量减少,冰淇淋浆料的黏度逐渐增加、硬度逐渐降低、黏性和弹性均逐渐增加。感官评定表明,加入2%籼糯淀粉的低脂冰淇淋感官指标与中脂冰淇淋最接近。     

低能量保健冰淇淋的开发研究

研究低热量保健冰淇淋的开发,采用低聚乳果糖与山梨醇配比替代蔗糖,葡聚糖替代脂肪,并通过一系列正交实验确定冰淇淋复合稳定剂的最佳配比和低能量保健冰淇淋的最佳配方:复合乳化稳定剂最佳配比为瓜尔豆胶∶卡拉胶∶CMC∶单甘酯=5∶1∶2∶4;低聚乳果糖与山梨醇配比为10%∶1%,葡聚糖为4%,复合稳定剂为0.35%,磷酸化酪朊酸钠为0.4%。     

冰淇淋料液脂肪含量对产品冰点及水存在形式的影响

探讨脂肪含量对冰淇淋料液冰点、过冷温度、水存在形式及水分活度的影响。使用温度记录仪器、低场核磁共振仪和水分活度仪对3%~15%脂肪含量范围的冰淇淋料液进行分析。试验结果表明,随着脂肪含量提高,料液的冰点和过冷温度有所提高,结合水的含量增加较为显著(P0.05),不易流动水含量呈现先显著升高(P0.05)后波动下降的趋势,自由水含量呈现先显著降低(P0.05)后波动上升的趋势,水分活度变化趋势几乎和自由水变化趋势一致。脂肪含量对冰淇淋料液的凝冻特性和水分存在形式有影响。     

小麦麸脂肪替代品对冰淇淋质构的影响

研究了小麦麸脂肪替代品对冰淇淋质构的影响。结果表明,随着脂肪替代度的增加,冰淇淋的硬度、凝聚性降低;粘附性、弹性、胶性增大,但总体上没有对冰淇淋的质构造成太大的不利影响。     

低热量冰淇淋与普通冰淇淋性能比较研究

研究比较了低热量冰淇淋与普通冰淇淋的性能差异，分别比较了两者的膨胀率、质构特性和抗融性．结果表明，低热量冰淇淋的膨胀率和质构特性低于普通冰淇淋，其抗融性能比普通冰淇淋稍差。     

Investigating the role of health halos and reactance in ice cream choice

Nutrition labels, sensory experience, and consumers’ preconceived notions about products can affect their purchasing and eating decisions. The proliferation of low-calorie and vegan ice creams in supermarkets provides an interesting test-case for how health, general liking, and psychological factors like halo effects and reactance contribute to product choice. In our study, 223 participants tasted three cinnamon-bun flavored ice cream samples: super-premium, vegan, and low-calorie. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions. Condition one received no information about the three ice creams. Condition two received photos of the product containers, the ingredients, and the nutrition labels. Condition three received the same product information as condition two, along with a warning about the health consequences of eating too much sugar and fat. After tasting each sample, participants rated how much they liked the sample and its perceived healthfulness, and then indicated the sample they preferred overall. Participants in all conditions believed that the vegan ice cream was healthier than the super-premium ice cream, providing evidence of a health halo effect. Participants ranked the super-premium ice cream as tasting the best across all conditions. Liking rating was the strongest predictor of overall ice cream preference as indicated by participants’ preferred ice cream being the super-premium. The research findings have implications for nutrition educators and marketers, reinforcing that liking is a large driver of product choice, that health halos around vegan products exist, and that a text health warning does not dissuade people from choosing an indulgent option.     

The effect of vegetable fat on the physicochemical characteristics of dates ice cream

The effects of vegetable fats in low-calorie dates ice cream were studied. Fourteen different formulations were optimized by 'simplex lattice design'. Three types of fat (palm mid-fraction, palm olein and rice bran oil) were chosen to investigate their particle size distribution, melting resistance, amount of protein in the aqueous phase, colour, viscosity, total solids, percentage of overrun, fat and calorie value in ice cream. Statistical significance was determined by using analysis of variance and compared with the Duncan multiple range test using the SAS program. The significance level was 95% ( P  = 0.05). The types of fat used in an ice cream formulation have an impact on the colour, particle size diameter, viscosity and caloric value. A high percentage of palm mid-fraction (> 12%) gave a high intensity of brightness, but less redness and yellowness, while a high percentage of palm olein and rice bran oil gave high intensity of redness and yellowness. Moreover, viscosity was associated with formulations characterized by a high solid fat content. The more unsaturated and the longer the fatty acid chains of the vegetable fat used in the formulation, the more pronounced was the fat globule destabilization. However, the effect of the different fats on melting resistance was less pronounced.     

现代分析技术在低热量冰淇淋研究中的应用

食品的低热量化是当今世界食品发展的主要趋势之一，因此低热量冰淇淋逐渐成为国际冷饮市场的消费热点。本文综述了现代分析技术(高效液相色谱、质构仪、扫描电子显微镜等)在低热量冰淇淋研究中的应用，涉及到低热量冰淇淋功效成分的检测、质构分析、流变学特性等方面的研究。     

低热量冰淇淋乳化稳定剂的复配研究

对低热量冰淇淋生产所需乳化稳定剂进行复配研究,通过以黏度、膨胀率、抗融性、抗热变性、保型性等为指标,选择稳定剂和乳化剂最佳添加量进行复配试验。结果表明,低热量冰淇淋所需乳化稳定剂应选择黄原胶、亚麻籽胶、结冷胶、酪蛋白酸钠、三聚甘油酯,通过五因素四水平正交试验和对照试验最终确定可改善低热量冰淇淋品质的组合:黄原胶0.28%、亚麻籽胶0.42%、结冷胶0.08%、酪蛋白酸钠0.23%、三聚甘油酯0.2%。     

小麦麸脂肪替代品对低脂冰淇淋品质的影响

研究了小麦麸脂肪替代品(WBFS)部分和全部替代冰淇淋中的脂肪对冰淇淋品质的影响。结果表明:WBFS可以提高冰淇淋浆料的黏度,改善冰淇淋的膨胀率;全部脂肪被替代的冰淇淋(FFS)在抗融性、感官评定和质构方面表现出与常规冰淇淋(RF)相似或者略优的品质,而部分脂肪被替代的冰淇淋(MFS)却表现出较差的抗融性和差异明显的感官和质构特性。     

Characterisation of ice cream containing flaxseed oil

Five batches of a 12% (w/w) fat ice cream formulation were prepared using different amounts of flaxseed oil (0%, 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% w/w) to replace milkfat. Meltdown rates, texture of ice cream, particle size of fat globules and microstructure of the ice cream were determined. Increasing the proportion of flaxseed oil in ice cream resulted in an increase in the meltdown rate and a decrease in the ice cream hardness. These were attributed to the low melting temperature of flaxseed oil and the varying extent of fat flocculation. In ice cream containing a high proportion of milkfat, the fat globules formed large particles largely due to flocculation rather than partial‐coalescence. The extent of fat flocculation decreased as the proportion of flaxseed oil was increased. Evidence of fat coalescence was observed in ice cream containing 12% flaxseed oil. The fat flocculates stabilised the air cells and strengthened the foam structure of the ice cream.     

脂肪替代物在低脂冰淇淋中的应用研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

冰淇淋作为一种复杂的多相食品,由分散在半冷冻溶液中的脂肪球、气泡和冰晶组成。其脂肪含量通常为8%~16%,在冰淇淋体系中起着重要作用。然而,脂肪摄入过多会对健康造成不利影响,因此采用脂肪替代物部分或全部代替冰淇淋中的脂肪成为研究热点。综述了近年来国内外学者对于冰淇淋中脂肪替代物的研究进展,侧重于不同类型脂肪替代物的介绍,以及脂肪替代物对低脂冰淇淋理化和感官特性的影响,总结了其应用情况,并对未来的研发方向和重点进行了展望。     

Effect of the fat globule sizes on the meltdown of ice cream

The meltdown of ice cream is influenced by its composition and additives and by fat globule size. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fat globule size and fat agglomerate size on the meltdown stability of ice cream. Therefore, an ice cream mix (10% milk fat) was homogenized at pressures ranging from 0 to 30 MPa in single-stage, double-stage, and selective homogenization processes. The ice cream, produced on a continuous ice cream freezer, was characterized by an optimized meltdown test while, in addition, the fat globule sizes and the free fat content were determined in the mix and the molten ice cream. The meltdown was dependent on the fat agglomerate sizes in the unfrozen serum phase. Agglomerates smaller than a critical diameter led to significantly higher meltdown rates. Homogenization pressures of at least 10 MPa were sufficient to produce a stable ice cream. Furthermore, proof was provided that double-stage homogenization is not necessary for fat contents up to 10% and that selective homogenization is possible to produce stable ice creams. Based on these results a model was deduced describing the stabilizing mechanisms during the meltdown process.     

Correlation between colloidal properties of ice cream mix and ice cream

Ice cream mix was produced with a range of emulsifiers and concentrations. Ice cream mix properties were measured and correlated to ice cream properties. Protein load (mg m⁻²) in ice cream mix correlated with major characteristic analyses describing the fat structure in ice cream (fat agglomerate size, fat agglomeration index, solvent extractable fat). Thus, the measurement of protein load in the mix can be used to predict ice cream fat stability and related structure with constant processing conditions. As emulsification increased, more fat could be seen at the air interface by scanning electron microscopy. High correlation coefficients were also obtained with fat structure analyses and the quantitative determination of fat in the dripped portion taken from a melting test of ice cream. Hence, fat analysis from the dripped melt fraction is suggested as a method to characterize the fat-related structure in ice cream.