原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺疾病的诊治体会

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症同时合并甲状腺疾病的临床诊断和治疗方法.方法 对40例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症同时合并甲状腺疾病患者的临床表现,术前定性、定位诊断及手术治疗方法与结果的资料进行回顾性分析.结果 40例患者中甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺乳头状癌4例,合并结节性甲状腺肿28例,合并甲状腺腺瘤6例;甲状旁腺增生合并结节性甲状腺肿1例;甲状旁腺癌合并甲状腺腺瘤1例.对于40例甲状旁腺及甲状腺病变定位诊断敏感性B超、CT和放射性核素显像(99Tcm显像)分别为82.5%(33/40)、80.0%(32/40)和90.0%(36/40),而三者结合可使定位诊断敏感性达97.5%(39/40).手术方式:甲状旁腺腺瘤切除并甲状腺腺叶次全切除34例,甲状旁腺腺瘤切除并甲状腺全叶切除3例,双侧甲状旁腺探查并甲状腺腺叶次全切除1例,一侧甲状旁腺切除并甲状腺腺叶切除及颈淋巴结清扫2例.结论 B超、CT和核素显像三者结合可使原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症合并甲状腺疾病的术前定位诊断敏感性明显提高,手术切除是主要的治疗手段,主要术式为甲状旁腺腺瘤切除并甲状腺腺叶次全或全叶切除.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症66例分析

目的：探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症及合并高钙危象的诊断与治疗。方法：66例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者均经手术治疗,59例甲状旁腺腺瘤、4例甲状旁腺增生仅行肿物切除,3例甲状旁腺癌同时切除同侧甲状腺、峡部及周围软组织。结果：66例患者均治愈,术后无甲状旁腺功能减低或喉返神经损伤等并发症。合并高钙危象患者经快速大量补液、利尿、降钙并结合手术治疗,术后血钙下降至正常水平。结论：血钙和甲状旁腺素可作为初步诊断方法,B超及99mTc-MIBI可做出定位诊断,甲状旁腺肿物切除术是有效治疗手段。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节34例临床分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节的诊断及外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院收治的34例甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节的临床诊治经验。结果甲状旁腺腺瘤单侧单发多见(3l/34),单侧甲状旁腺腺瘤合并同侧甲状腺结节多见(25/31)。甲状腺结节病变性质主要为结节性甲状腺肿(27/34)。34例均行外科手术治疗。术后早期有8例患者出现短时的低钙血症,余无明显并发症。术后随访26例,全部患者甲状旁腺腺瘤均无明显复发迹象,结节性甲状腺肿患者有2例术后复查再次发现甲状腺结节,均予以动态观察,未行进一步手术切除,其余病例甲状腺结节均无复发。结论手术切除是治疗甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状腺结节的最有效的方法,最常用手术方式为单侧颈部探查术,术前定性及定位诊断结合术中诊断是手术成功的关键。     

甲状腺手术中甲状旁腺显露及功能保护的临床研究

目的 探讨甲状腺术中直视下甲状旁腺的显露与定位、术中保护甲状旁腺及其血供的方法 .方法 对我院甲状腺手术患者行术中直视下显露并原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供,并观察术后甲状旁腺功能减退的发生情况.结果 259例甲状腺手术中有12例未找到明确的甲状旁腺.术中见上甲状旁腺共242枚,其中221枚(91.32%)位置恒定于甲状腺背面甲状软骨下缘水平;确切显露61枚上甲状旁腺的血管,其中42枚(68.85%)由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血.下甲状旁腺共426枚,位置变异较大,212枚(49.77%)位于甲状腺背面下1/3部分,106枚(24.88%)位于甲状腺侧叶最下端近甲状腺下动脉入腺体处;确切显露128枚下甲状旁腺的血管,其中103枚(80.47%)的血供来自甲状腺下动脉或最下动脉的分支.术后发生低钙血症者27例,其中一侧叶全切除者1例(二次手术患者),一侧叶全切加对侧叶次全切除者3例,甲状腺全切除者4例,甲状腺全切加中央组颈淋巴结清扫者7例,甲状腺全切加一侧颈淋巴结清扫者11例,甲状腺全切加双侧颈淋巴结清扫者1例.无一例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论 甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置有密切关系.甲状腺术中完全可以直视下显露和保护甲状旁腺.预防术后甲状旁腺功能减退的关键是术中精细解剖,尽量原位保护甲状旁腺及其血供或行必要的甲状旁腺自体移植.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症44例的诊断与外科治疗

目的 总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的诊断与外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1987年至2007年经手术及病理证实的44例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床资料.结果 生化检查44例均定性为甲状旁腺功能亢进症.44例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的定位诊断,经B超、CT、99mTc-MIBI、MRI检查的阳性准确率分别为88.6%、86.4%、94.1%、87.5%,其中发现异位甲状旁腺腺瘤2例、前纵隔甲状旁腺腺瘤2例、甲状旁腺腺癌3例、甲状旁腺增生2例.特别是应用B超、CT、99mTc-MIBI相结合的诊断准确率最高为95.5%.44例均行外科手术治疗,其中甲状旁腺腺瘤切除35例;异位甲状旁腺腺瘤2例,按部位切除腺瘤;前纵隔甲状旁腺腺瘤2例,按开胸手术切除;甲状旁腺增生2例按经典BNE方法切除病变腺体;甲状旁腺癌3例,行联合整块(En bloc)切除根治术.44例术后效果佳,但手术后均发生不同程度的低钙血症,应用钙剂后症状缓解.结论 定性诊断主要依据血钙和甲状旁腺素的同步升高,术前定位诊断是手术成功的关键,一旦确诊就应积极手术治疗,效果良好.     

维持性血液透析患者合并肺转移性甲状旁腺癌1例并文献复习

甲状旁腺癌(parathyroid carcinoma, PC)是一种临床少见的内分泌恶性肿瘤, 该文报道维持性血液透析患者合并肺转移性PC 1例, 并复习相关文献。患者因移植肾失功后接受维持性血液透析治疗, 4年后出现高甲状旁腺素及高钙血症, CT检查示甲状腺左侧叶后下方类圆形无强化软组织密度影, 锝99m-甲氧基异丁基异腈(99mTc-MIBI)甲状旁腺显像(双时相法)检查示甲状腺左叶后方浓聚灶。予全麻下甲状旁腺次全切除, 组织病理检查诊断为甲状旁腺腺瘤合并甲状旁腺增生。术后患者血甲状旁腺素较术前显著下降, 但仍高于正常范围;血钙恢复至正常范围。术后数月内血甲状旁腺素再次升高, 术后1年余99mTc-MIBI甲状旁腺显像示双肺上叶多发低密度放射性增浓结节影, 组织病理学检查证实肺部病变为转移性PC。     

甲状旁腺腺瘤所致无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症24例诊治分析

目的探讨甲状旁腺腺瘤所致无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1990年1月至2013年4月期间收治的24例甲状旁腺腺瘤所致尤症状PHPT患者的临床资料。结果24例甲状旁腺腺瘤所致无症状PHPT患者中男9例,女15例;年龄（47．92±12．96）岁。均无骨关节疼痛、病理性骨折、泌尿系结石或胃肠道症状等典型PHPT的临床表现,均为体检和并存或误诊为甲状腺疾病时发现。24例患者术前血钙升高18例,正常6例;血磷降低7例,正常17例;16例术前行血甲状旁腺激素检测患者中11例升高,正常5例;22例患者术前测定血碱性磷酸酶升高9例,正常13例。血钙与甲状旁腺激素均正常者4例,其中1例为体检时超声发现甲状旁腺病变,3例为手术治疗甲状腺疾病术中探查发现。24例患者术前均行超声检查,15例行甲状旁腺ECT检查,14例行甲状旁腺增强CT检查,阳性率分别为66．67％（16／24）、93．33％（14／15）及78．57％（11／14）。15例术前定性定位检查获得明确诊断,5例定性或定位检查高度怀疑甲状旁腺病变,4例术前误诊为甲状腺病变。均行甲状旁腺腺瘤切除,其中甲状旁腺腺瘤位于左侧上位2例、左侧下位9例、有侧上位2例、右侧下位11例。肿瘤最大径为（2．22±0．88）cm。24例患者中13例合并甲状腺病变。本组患者术后有8例出现手足、口周麻木,给予静脉或口服补钙后缓解,其余患者均无自觉症状。术后血钙及甲状旁腺激素均有不同程度下降,术后2周均降至正常范围。结论甲状旁腺腺瘤所致无症状PHPT临床症状不典型,血清钙和甲状旁腺激素同步升高即可诊断,具有手术指征的患者应积极手术治疗。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症并发甲状腺疾病21例临床分析

目的总结原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)并发甲状腺疾病的诊治经验。方法对51例PHPT中并发甲状腺疾病21例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果51例PHPT患者中术后病理诊断甲状旁腺瘤47例,甲状旁腺癌3例,垂体瘤多发性内分泌病Ⅰ型(MEN-Ⅰ)甲状旁腺增生1例。同时并发甲状腺疾病21例;甲状腺肿17例,桥本甲状腺炎2例,甲状腺瘤2例,伴甲状腺癌1例。并发甲状腺疾病的术前诊断主要依据临床表现,实验室检查,B超和~(99m)Tc-Sestamibi(MIBI)影像检查作出。20例同时行甲状腺手术探查、切除,除1例甲状腺癌为隐匿性微小癌外,与病理诊断对照正确率为100%;术后无早期并发症。21例获得随访,3例发生甲状腺功能减退,原甲状腺疾病无复发,1例MEN-Ⅰ行垂体瘤和全胃切除术、甲状旁腺增生并发甲状腺肿者未手术。结论我国PHPT和甲状腺疾病有很高的并发率,术前术中对甲状腺应仔细检查,MIBI扫描起重要诊断和鉴别作用。手术治疗甲状旁腺肿瘤的同时应按各甲状腺疾病的处理原则作相应的手术治疗。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的定位诊断与手术治疗

目的探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的定位诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析近15年来手术治疗的52例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的临床资料。结果所有病例均在术前行B超和X线检查,99mmTc-MIBI核素扫描36例,所有病例均术中静脉快速滴注亚甲蓝。行甲状旁腺腺瘤切除术45例(小切口腺瘤切除18例),甲状旁腺增生切除术4例,根治性甲状旁腺癌切除术3例。病理性骨折18例,骨、关节痛22例,泌尿系结石病变6例,无症状者6例。X线检查全组患者均表现为骨质疏松。全组血钙升高在2.7-4.3mmol/L之间,平均(3.0±0.5)mmol/L。38例患者术前测定甲状旁腺激素升高在305-1813pg/mL之间,平均(628.3±87.6)pg/mL。B超术前定位诊断率82.6%,99mmTc-MIBI核素扫描的定位诊断率88.9%,术中静滴亚甲蓝染色定位诊断率96.2%。术后36例患者出现短期低血钙,24例出现面部、手足麻木,12例出现手足抽搐,经钙剂治疗血钙恢复正常。患者术后甲状旁腺激素均恢复正常,3例甲状旁腺癌患者术后升高,经再次手术恢复正常。45例获随访,随访时间3个月至15年,临床症状缓解,骨质疏松改善,骨折愈合。结论小创伤甲状旁腺切除是治疗原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的有效方法。术中亚甲蓝染色结合术前B超、核素扫描定位诊断原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症,使甲状旁腺肿瘤切除术准确和微创。     

甲状旁腺切除术用于难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的安全性及近远疗效

背景与目的:甲状旁腺切除术(PTX)是治疗药物不能控制的难治性肾性继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)的重要手段,但PTX术后仍有可能发生永久性甲状旁腺功能减退,无动力性骨病或难治性骨软化症,且国内尚缺乏对PTX术后远期的疗效观察的研究。本研究进一步评价PTX治疗难治性肾性SHPT的安全性与近远期疗效。方法:纳入2011年1月—2014年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行PTX治疗的139例伴有难治性肾性SHPT的维持性透析患者。收集患者术前及术后3 d、6个月及1、2、3年的临床资料、血全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、血钙、血磷、血红蛋白(Hb)及红细胞压积(Hct)等,观察并记录术后症状缓解情况、术后并发症和随访情况。结果:139例患者的PTX手术成功率为95.7%(133/139),术中共计切除甲状旁腺腺体537枚,平均切除3.86枚/例。12例(8.6%)术后发生一过性喉返神经损伤,其中声音嘶哑9例(6.5%),饮水呛咳3例(2.2%),未予处理术后3个月内均自行好转。术后低钙血症或缺乏维生素D者120例(86.3%),给予西那卡塞、补钙及补充活性维生素D治疗后得到有效控制。全组未发生切口感染、出血、窒息及甲状腺功能减退等外科并发症。患者的贫血状况均有不同程度地改善,Hb和Hct术后6个月明显升高并在随访期间保持稳定;术后iPTH明显降低,术后3 d的血钙、磷、钙磷乘积水平最低,随访3年仍低于手术前,所有变化与术前均有统计学差异(均P0.05)。随访期间无死亡病例。患者术前的骨痛、顽固性皮肤瘙痒、失眠、异位钙化、肌无力伴萎缩症状在术后1 d即明显缓解;身高缩短、骨骼畸形患者随访期间无进行性加重;纳差、全身营养状况及自理能力术后3个月内不同程度地改善。11例(7.9%)持续性SHPT,包括4例(2.9%)术中未完全切除甲状旁腺腺体,1例(0.7%)术中1枚腺体较小而未切除完全,6例(4.3%)术后检查存在纵隔异位甲状旁腺。随访期间,5例(3.5%)腺体未切除完全者的iPTH均800 pg/mL,肌无力及顽固性皮肤瘙痒临床症状明显,再次行PTX;6例(4.3%)存在异位甲状旁腺腺体者,因手术风险较大患者拒绝再次手术,予以药物治疗;8例(5.8%)术后复发,其中6例(4.3%)系前臂移植物复发所致,均在局麻下行前臂皮下移植物切除;2例(1.4%)系颈部原位残留腺体过度增生,予以二次手术,术后症状缓解。所有进行二次手术的患者在随访结束时无明显的临床症状,均未复发。结论:PTX可改善难治性肾性SHPT患者临床症状、贫血及钙磷代谢,且近远期疗效均较好,是治疗难治性SHPT的安全有效方法。     

甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊治：附47例报告

目的:探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)的临床病理特征及诊治策略。方法:回顾性分析2011年6月—2016年5月经手术与病理证实的47例PTMC患者临床资料。结果:47例患者中,男9例,女38例;年龄(46.3±12.1)岁;病程(12.4±23.7)个月;均行术前超声检查,14例行超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(FNA),经FNA确诊PTMC 11例(78.6%);13例行患侧甲状腺全切,3例行患侧甲状腺全切+对侧叶大部切除术,31例行双侧甲状腺全切;14例行中央区颈淋巴结清扫术,15例行中央区加颈侧区淋巴结清扫。肿瘤病灶平均长径(0.68±0.23)cm;21例(44.7%)为多发病灶,其中14例(29.8%)为双侧甲状腺多发病灶;中央区淋巴结转移率48.3%(14/29),颈侧区淋巴结转移率53.3%(8/15)。单因素分析显示,肿瘤侵犯包膜与淋巴结转移有关(P=0.035)。8例患者术后发生并发症,其中暂时性甲状旁腺功能不全5例,切口积液1例,暂时性喉返神经损伤1例,暂时性喉上神经损伤1例。结论:甲状腺外科医生需熟悉甲状腺癌超声特点,不建议扩大FNA指征。对于术前超声已提示多发结节、术中探查可疑多发结节或存在高危因素者,手术建议行双侧甲状腺全切。预防性中央组淋巴结清扫结合术中冷冻病理对确定个体化手术方案及指导术后治疗是必要的。     

无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的治疗

目的 探讨无症状原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)的诊断和治疗方法 .方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2006年12月间收治的46例PHPT患者的临床资料,其中5例为无症状PHPT,均为女性,年龄54～71岁.5例患者中3例为体检发现,1例因疲乏无力就诊而发现,1例误诊为甲状腺肿物,后经手术及病理学检查证实为甲状旁腺病变.4例血钙及血甲状旁腺素(PTH)高于正常范围,1例血钙及血PTH正常.5例患者均接受手术治疗,均为单侧探查术.结果 本组无手术死亡,无切口感染及喉返神经损伤等并发症.围手术期1例患者血钙低于正常范围,发生手足搐搦,静脉注射钙剂3 d后症状缓解.3例患者仅出现轻微的口唇及手足麻木感,但血钙在正常范围,口服补钙后缓解.术后平均住院时间6.5 d.4例获得随访,随访时间2个月～2年,血钙及血PTH均在正常范围.结论 无症状PHPT患者早期手术效果好,对于定位诊断明确的PHPT患者应该行手术治疗,定位不明确的或不适合手术的患者可行保守疗法.     

Co-occurrence of papillary thyroid cancer and MALT lymphoma of the thyroid with severe airway obstruction: A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Co-occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma resulting in severe airway obstruction is very rare.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 58-year-old woman visited our department because of enlargement of a neck mass. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography showed 2 discrete hypoechoic nodules. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy revealed thyroid lymphoma in the left lobe and PTC in the right lobe. After 1 week, she returned to the emergency room at our hospital with shortness of breath and difficultly in swallowing. CT revealed enlargement of the left lobe, which was severely compressing the trachea. We performed emergency total thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged without any symptoms.

DISCUSSION

The most common treatment for PTC is surgery; however, the treatment for thyroid lymphoma remains controversial. We propose that surgery be performed in the cases of symptoms such as shortness of breath and difficulty in swallowing.

CONCLUSION

We performed emergency total thyroidectomy to relieve obstruction of the trachea and to remove the two malignant tumors. We suggest total thyroidectomy for a case of co-occurrence of two malignant tumors, causing severe airway obstruction.     

Ultrasound in head and neck surgery: thyroid, parathyroid, and cervical lymph nodes

Ultrasound (US) of the neck is extremely sensitive in detecting thyroid, parathyroid, and cervical lymph node pathology, and is regarded as the most complete and cost-effective imaging method for evaluating the thyroid and parathyroid glands, as well as for the diagnostic evaluation of the cervical lymph node basin. US is widely used in screening high-risk individuals, evaluation of palpable and nonpalpable thyroid nodules, needle guidance for biopsy of nonpalpable and suspicious nodules, and preoperative evaluation of the extent of thyroid neoplasms, as well as in the detection of residual, recurrent, or metastatic thyroid tumors, and in observing nonsurgical cases. It has thus become an important adjunct to the practice of head and neck surgery.     

Cervico-mediastinal hematoma secondary to extracapsular hemorrhage of parathyroid carcinoma. Clinical case and review of the literature

Extracapsular parathyroid haemorrhage is a rare but ominous occurrence, which may cause cervico-mediastinal haematoma and a severe calcaemia imbalance. We identified only 23 cases reported in the literature and these were always secondary to adenoma, hyperplasia or cysts, and never to carcinoma. We describe a case of a 56-year-old man who was admitted to our Institute because of the sudden development of an anterior neck swelling, together with dysphagia, dyspnoea and hoarseness. Physical examination revealed a large ecchymosis extending from the anterior neck to the upper chest, while the early symptoms had disappeared. Laboratory studies, ultrasonography and 99mtTC-Sestamibi scintiscan demonstrated the presence of primary parathyroidism due to a right inferior parathyroid neoplasm. At operation, the parathyroid was excised en bloc with the right thyroid lobe because they were joined together by an extensive fibrous reaction. Histological examination showed a well-differentiated parathyroid carcinoma with evidence of recent haemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of extracapsular haemorrhage due to a parathyroid carcinoma. In summary, although parathyroid haemorrhage is a rare condition, it should always be suspected when a painful mass or diffuse swelling suddenly occurs in the anterior neck, with or without ecchymosis, especially when serum calcium and phosphorus are abnormal.     

Benign parathyroid cyst causing vocal fold paralysis: a case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid cysts are uncommon, frequently asymptomatic lesions of the neck and superior mediastinum. Symptomatic parathyroid cysts are very rare, with roughly only 200 cases reported in the literature. Of these, only nine cases have been reported with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis METHODS: We report a case of a 49-year-old man initially seen with a 6-month history of worsening hoarseness. Physical examination revealed a palpable 3-cm, firm, smooth, nontender mass of the right thyroid lobe. Fiberoscopic laryngoscopy showed right vocal cord immobility consistent with RLN paralysis. After CT and fine-needle aspiration of the mass, the patient underwent a right thyroid lobectomy. During surgery, the recurrent laryngeal nerve was found to be stretched and adherent to a right inferior lobe mass. RESULTS: Histologic analysis of the surgical specimen revealed a benign parathyroid adenomatous cyst. Postoperatively, the patient's voice improved markedly. This case represents an extremely rare return of function of the RLN after cyst removal. CONCLUSION: Parathyroid cysts should be included in the differential diagnosis for vocal fold paralysis.     

彩色多普勒超声在甲状腺癌中的诊断价值

目的评估彩色多普勒超声对甲状腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2009年12月因甲状腺结节行手术切除的患者资料,共207名患者入组本研究,其中行超声检查207例,行超声＋CT检查144例。所有患者行手术治疗,对比术后病理与术前影像学检查结果。用统计软件SPSS16．0,计数资料用卡方检验对比超声与CT的统计学意义,对比超声与CT的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率,P〈0．05有统计学意义。结果207例甲状腺结节患者术后病理显示151例为良性,56例为恶性。对比术前资料。超声和CT的敏感性分别是80．4％、75．0％,特异性分别是68．2％、47．1％,准确率分别是71．5％、54．9％,阳性预测值分别是48．4％、35．3％,阴性预测值分别是90．4％、83．1％。超声检查在甲状腺肿瘤良恶性结节中的特异性和准确率明显高于CT检查（P〈0．01）,差异均有统计学意义。结论彩色多普勒超声检查是鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性非常有用的方法。形态不规则、钙化、低回声、边界不清、Ⅱ型血流及实性结节是判断结节良恶性的参考指标。存在3个以上超声特征的结节的恶性概率将明显增加。超声检查在良恶性鉴别方面优于CT检查。CT检查对甲状腺癌评估有一定的价值,可协助超声检查。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的外科诊治

目的： 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）的外科诊治经验。 方法：回顾性分析2002—2012年间收治的86例PHPT患者的临床资料。 结果：首发症状表现为骨骼系统病变45例,泌尿系统症状21例,消化道症状14例;无症状者6例。术前86例患者平均血钙浓度（3.13±0.46）mmol/L,甲状旁腺素（PTH）中位浓度864.6 pmol/mL。B超检出率90.3%,99mTc-MIBI检出率95.0%,CT检出率78.6%。58例单纯单发甲状旁腺瘤（其中包括异位甲状旁腺腺瘤5例）行单侧颈部探查术;11例双侧甲状旁腺腺瘤,15例单发甲状旁腺腺瘤合并双侧结节性甲状腺肿,2例甲状旁腺增生行双侧颈部探查术。术后成功随访80例,时间3个月至6年,所有患者均无复发。 结论：血钙、血PTH是PHPT定性诊断的主要依据,B超、99mTc-MIBI是PHPT主要定位手段。手术治疗是最有效的方法,单侧颈部探查术是常用术式。     

结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌诊断与治疗

目的：探讨结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌的临床特点及诊治原则。 方法：回顾性分析2003年10月—2011年10月收治的47例结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料。 结果：患者均表现为颈部包块或颈部增粗,术前B超显示结节伴细沙粒样钙化者19例（40.43%）。47例患者均行手术治疗,术后经病理学检查确诊为分化型甲状腺癌（其中乳头状癌36例,占76.60%;滤泡样癌11例,占23.40%）,手术方式包括：患侧腺叶+峡部全切术+VI区淋巴结清扫;两侧腺叶+峡部全切术+VI区淋巴结清扫;颈部淋巴结肿大、转移者加行改良颈清扫术。术后均给予左旋甲状腺素片治疗。47例患者术后随访6~36个月,平均为（15.6±8.9）个月,3例分别于术后16~33个月复发,再次手术,效果良好。全组无死亡病例。 结论：结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌术前诊断困难,术前超声检查可提供可考依据,术中快速冷冻切片病理学检查是提高甲状腺癌检出率的关键;个体化、精细规范的手术治疗对结节性甲状腺肿合并分化型甲状腺癌有良好的治疗效果。     

Hyperfunctional parathyroid carcinoma

The parathyroid cancer is mentioned in literature with an incidence of 0.5-5% in the etiology of the primary hyperparathyroidism. The authors present the case of a 45 year old female with diagnosis of "primary hyperparathyroidism" based on clinical, ultrasonographic and biochemical investigations. A right superior adenoma of 3 x 2 x 1 cm (150 mg) has been found and extirpated. The histological examination showed an adenoma with predominant "chief" cells. Three years after surgery the patient had a recurrence of the clinical and hypercalcemie syndrome (with more severe damages). The surgical reexploration showed the right thyroid lobe with a nodular aspect and in its inferior pole a enlarged parathyroid gland of one cm size was found. An en-block exeresis including the right thyroid lobe with isthmus as well as the mentioned lesion and the half of left superior parathyroid, the left inferior one together with retrosternal fat tissue have been performed. Frozen sections completed by paraffin examination established the diagnosis of hyperfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma. We have emphasize the issues that could suggest the initially preoperative true diagnosis: the large size of excised adenoma and the relatively quick recurrence of the phenomena of parathyroid hyperfunction. The surgical principles and strategies in the treatment of parathyroid cancer are also discussed.