风积沙混凝土早期自收缩变形的影响因素研究及数值模拟

为探讨水胶比、砂率及粉煤灰掺量变化对风积沙混凝土早期自收缩变形的影响,采用非接触式混凝土收缩变形测定方法测定不同水胶比、不同砂率、不同粉煤灰掺量下的风积沙混凝土3d内的自收缩,得到表征风积沙混凝土早期自收缩变形规律的收缩率曲线,并利用压汞法测定其微观结构.结果表明,水胶比变化对风积沙混凝土的早期自收缩变形的影响最大,砂率次之,粉煤灰最小;考虑了水胶比(砂率、粉煤灰)的影响下建立了风积沙混凝土自收缩变形规律的数值模型.     

增强纤维对全风积沙超高性能混凝土收缩性能的影响

早期自收缩是影响超高性能混凝土体积稳定性的重要因素,特别是由粒径较小的风积沙作为骨料的全风积沙超高性能混凝土。试验采用建筑中常用的三种增强纤维,探索纤维种类与掺量对全风积沙超高性能混凝土早期自收缩的抑制规律。通过试验发现,三种纤维对全风积沙超高性能混凝土早期自收缩抑制效果由大到小依次为:PVA纤维玄武岩纤维钢纤维,在一定范围内,纤维的掺量越高,对全风积沙超高性能混凝土早期自收缩抑制效果越好。这一结论为探索增强纤维对全风积沙超高性能混凝土自收缩性能影响的规律提供了参考。     

风积沙与粉煤灰掺量对混凝土力学性能的影响

为了研究风积沙和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土力学性能的影响规律,通过风积沙内掺替代相同质量的河砂,替代率为0％、10％、20％、30％和40％,内掺粉煤灰为10％、20％情况下配制混凝土.对风积沙混凝土立方体抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度进行试验研究,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)对混凝土微观结构形貌进行分析.结果表明:风积沙的掺入可以提高混凝土的抗压强度与抗拉强度,尤其对混凝土早期强度的贡献比较大;粉煤灰在风积沙混凝土后期抗压强度中发挥重要作用,对28 d抗拉强度影响较大,因此要控制其掺量;风积沙替代率20％,粉煤灰掺量10％,混凝土的力学性能表现最优.最后,建立了风积沙混凝土抗拉强度与抗压强度之间的演化方程.     

冻融循环次数与风积沙掺量对混凝土氯离子扩散的影响

用储量丰富的风积沙部分或全部代替普通河砂制备了风积沙混凝土,采用加速试验并通过化学分析方法测试了在氯盐腐蚀环境下遭受冻融的不同风积沙替代量(0、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%)混凝土的氯离子浓度,计算了风积沙混凝土的氯离子结合能力、氯离子扩散系数,并借助X射线衍射分析(XRD)对试验样品进行物相分析.结果表明,在氯盐环境下遭受冻融的风积沙混凝土自由氯离子浓度随冻融次数增加逐渐增加,氯离子结合表现为Langmuir非线性吸附,并引入结合能力系数k来表征风积沙混凝土的氯离子结合能力;随着冻融次数的增加,不同风积沙掺量混凝土的氯离子扩散系数逐渐减小,75次冻融后混凝土的氯离子扩散系数随风积沙替代量的影响较小,冻融循环次数与风积沙替代量对混凝土氯离子扩散系数的影响存在耦合关系.     

风积沙混凝土的碳化试验研究与预测

用风积沙(沙漠沙)部分或全部替代普通河砂拌制混凝土具有重大的社会与经济效益.沙漠地区环境气候条件十分恶劣,研究风积沙混凝土在复杂环境下的耐久性能意义重大.设计制作了不同风积沙掺量(0、20％、40％、60％、80％、100％)的混凝土试块,并标准养护28 d,研究在实验室加速碳化3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d后的碳化规律.运用MATLAB拟合得到了风积沙混凝土的CO2扩散系数随风积沙掺量变化的数学表达式,并建立了以风积沙掺量为主要参数的碳化深度预测模型.模型的建立为风积沙混凝土在沙漠及周边区域的推广应用提供重要的参考.     

掺纤维橡胶混凝土抗冻性能研究

通过测定10组100 mm×100 mm ×400 mm混凝土试件能够经受的快速冻融循环次数,研究了橡胶粒和玄武岩纤维掺量变化对纤维橡胶混凝土抗冻性的影响规律,分析了纤维橡胶混凝土冻融破坏的损伤机理.研究结果表明:橡胶和纤维掺入混凝土能有效降低混凝土受冻融循环而发生的损伤劣化程度,明显提高混凝土的抗冻融循环性能.而且随着橡胶粒、纤维掺量的增加,混凝土相对动弹模量下降趋势越平缓,在本试验橡胶粒、纤维掺量范围内,橡胶粒掺量为60 kg/m3,纤维掺量为2.5 kg/m3时,混凝土抗冻融循环性能最佳,较基准混凝土提高150次.     

风积沙掺量对水泥稳定级配碎石力学性能与耐久性的影响

为了探讨风积沙替代细集料用于水泥稳定级配碎石基层的可行性,基于室内力学性能试验、干温缩变形试验、动水冲刷试验、间接拉伸疲劳试验和试验段跟踪检测,验证了不同风积沙掺量下水泥稳定级配碎石基层的力学强度、变形特性和耐久性能.结果表明,掺加风积沙对水泥稳定级配碎石混合料力学性能(无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度、弯拉强度、单轴压缩模量)、变形特性(温缩变形、干缩变形)、水稳定性和耐久性有显著劣化影响,风积沙掺量越大,其对水泥稳定级配碎石混合料性能的劣化影响程度越严重,综合考虑水泥稳定级配碎石混合料的温缩性能、干缩性能和抗冲刷性能及疲劳耐久性,推荐最大风积沙掺量为6％.工程实践表明,将6％风积沙等质量替代细集料应用于水泥稳定级配碎石基层是可行的.研究成果对修筑风积沙水泥稳定级配碎石基层有一定参考价值和指导意义.     

膨胀剂对补偿收缩混凝土性能影响的研究进展

通过掺加膨胀剂来补偿收缩变形是解决混凝土收缩开裂的重要途径之一.膨胀剂的掺加往往对补偿收缩混凝土工作性有不利影响,且随掺量增加,不利程度增加.一定掺量范围内,膨胀剂的掺加对补偿收缩混凝土力学性能影响不大,但能改善混凝土耐久性;掺量继续增加则会破坏混凝土微观结构,导致力学性能和耐久性大幅下降.同等掺量下,施加一定外部约束对补偿收缩混凝土密实度和力学性能有改善作用.目前针对低水胶比条件下,膨胀剂对高强高性能混凝土性能的影响研究则相对较少.     

镁渣粉煤灰复掺配制混凝土的自收缩特性

为了探索镁渣与粉煤灰复掺对混凝土自生收缩的作用规律,设计正交试验方案研究了混凝土的自生收缩特性,微观分析掺合料的形貌与作用机理.结果表明:镁渣和粉煤灰对混凝土的自生收缩具有显著的抑制效应,镁渣与粉煤灰的掺量由(10%,15%)增加到(40%,30%),混凝土180 d的自生收缩变形减少约44.0%;混凝土自生收缩在镁渣掺量为30%~40%区间上的极差较镁渣掺量为10%~20%区间上的极差增大3.5倍,混凝土自生收缩变形的敏感性在镁渣掺量高时相对较大;混凝土的自生收缩变形主要发生在早期,28 d就完成了测定龄期内总自生收缩变形的65.0%~80.0%,早期是混凝土收缩变形控制的重要阶段;自生收缩的模型预测值与实测值间的偏差小,可用于复掺镁渣粉煤灰混凝土自生收缩的分析与预测.     

纤维和胶粉对水泥砂浆力学和抗裂性能的影响

温湿度变化、胶凝材料本身变形和结构的约束是引起外墙砂浆开裂的主要原因,研究了3 mm短切耐碱玻璃纤维和可分散胶粉的掺入及掺量对砂浆抗折强度、抗压强度、弹性模量和干燥收缩性能的影响,并制备了914 mm×610 mm×19 mm的自由大板和内环约束的φ650 mm×φ800 mm×100 mm试件进行了室外暴露试验.结果表明纤维的掺入能够有效提高砂浆的抗折强度并降低干燥收缩,而胶粉掺入会降低28 d抗压强度并增加砂浆的干燥收缩,但能够降低砂浆的弹性模量,从而提高砂浆的韧性;室外暴露试验显示掺入复合掺入1％纤维和2％的胶粉能够明显提高砂浆的抗裂性能.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。