正交实验法优选K_2O/CaO-SBA-15催化生产生物柴油工艺条件

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,通过浸渍法制备固体碱催化剂K2O-SBA-15、CaO-SBA-15和K2O/CaO-SBA-15,并对其进行XRD表征。将制备的催化剂用于催化大豆油和无水甲醇制备生物柴油。按四因素三水平的正交实验设计方案进行实验,表明各因素影响程度依次为:反应时间反应温度油醇物质的量比催化剂用量。最佳反应条件:在温度为60℃时加入n(原料油)∶n(甲醇)=12∶1的反应物,加入m(催化剂)∶m(原料油)=3%的催化剂,反应3h,产率达86.97%。     

介孔分子筛K2O/SBA-15催化酯化反应的研究

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,负载KNO3后经过煅烧,制得K2O/SBA-15固体碱催化剂.通过XRD和BET对样品进行了测试分析,并对K2O/SBA-15催化合成油酸甲酯的酯化反应进行了研究.试验结果表明:当K2O负载量为2%,n(醇)∶n(酸)2∶1,反应温度180℃,反应时间4 h,催化剂用量为原料质量的5.0...     

负载型固体碱催化合成甲酯生物柴油的研究

采用浸渍法制备了Na2CO3/高岭土负载型固体碱催化剂,用于催化大豆油与甲醇酯交换反应制备甲酯生物柴油。考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、反应温度和醇油摩尔比对酯交换反应转化率的影响,并通过单因素试验确定了最优工艺条件。结果表明:反应时间4 h、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量3%和醇油摩尔比12∶1条件下,酯交换反应转化率达到90.5%。     

金属氧化物掺杂对CaO催化性能影响的研究

以非均相碱性催化剂CaO催化废餐饮油与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油为目标反应.研究不同金属氧化物掺杂对CaO催化性能影响.首先,利用CaO分别研究了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对反应产率的影响,实验结果表明,该反应最佳操作条件:醇油摩尔比为6,反应温度75℃.反应时间2 h,ω(催化剂)=4%,生物柴油的产率达到83.58%.采用浸渍法制备了以CaO为载体的负载型固体碱催化剂K2O/CaO和ZnO/CaO,通过对比发现氧化物对CaO的催化效果有提高作用,生物柴油产率均可达96%以上.     

KOH/ZrO_2催化制备生物柴油新工艺

采用浸渍法,将KOH负载在新型载体氧化锆上,通过高温煅烧得到了固体碱催化剂。探讨了制备条件对催化剂催化酯交换反应活性的影响,获得了催化剂的最佳制备条件,以大豆油和甲醇为原料研究并优化了催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。结果表明,固体碱催化剂KOH/ZrO_2的最佳制备条件为:KOH负载量20%,煅烧温度600℃,煅烧时间2h。固体碱催化剂催化酯交换反应的最优反应条件为:醇油比9∶1,反应温度75℃,反应时间3h,催化剂用量4.0%。各因素对产率影响的大小为:醇油摩尔比反应温度反应时间催化剂用量。     

文冠果壳活性炭纤维负载K_2CO_3制备生物柴油的研究

以文冠果活性炭纤维(XSBACF)负载碳酸钾制备K_2CO_3/XSBACF固体碱催化剂,用于文冠果生物柴油的制备。考察了K_2CO_3的负载量、煅烧温度和时间、醇油摩尔比、K_2CO_3/XSBACF加入量和反应温度对生物柴油产率影响。结果表明,当K_2CO_3负载量为50%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间3 h,催化剂用量为油重的1. 5%,醇油摩尔比9∶1,反应温度70℃,反应时间2 h时,文冠果生物柴油的产率可达85. 10%。红外和XRD分析表明,该催化剂在煅烧过程中产生了新的活性中心K2O。     

文冠果壳活性炭纤维负载K_2CO_3制备生物柴油的研究

以文冠果活性炭纤维(XSBACF)负载碳酸钾制备K_2CO_3/XSBACF固体碱催化剂,用于文冠果生物柴油的制备。考察了K_2CO_3的负载量、煅烧温度和时间、醇油摩尔比、K_2CO_3/XSBACF加入量和反应温度对生物柴油产率影响。结果表明,当K_2CO_3负载量为50%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间3 h,催化剂用量为油重的1. 5%,醇油摩尔比9∶1,反应温度70℃,反应时间2 h时,文冠果生物柴油的产率可达85. 10%。红外和XRD分析表明,该催化剂在煅烧过程中产生了新的活性中心K2O。     

正交试验探讨固体碱催化制备生物柴油

采用等体积浸渍法制备了K2CO3/NaX固体碱催化剂,用于催化酯交换反应制备甲酯生物柴油。通过正交试验方法确定了最佳反应条件为:反应时间3 h、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量4%和醇油摩尔比14。在此反应条件下生物柴油的转化率可达87.5%。     

正交试验探讨固体碱催化制备生物柴油

采用等体积浸渍法制备了K2CO3/NaX固体碱催化剂,用于催化酯交换反应制备甲酯生物柴油。通过正交试验方法确定了最佳反应条件为:反应时间3 h、反应温度60℃、催化剂用量4%和醇油摩尔比14。在此反应条件下生物柴油的转化率可达87.5%。     

盐地碱蓬油制备生物柴油工艺条件研究

以盐地碱蓬油为原料制备生物柴油.通过正交实验研究了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应时间、搅拌强度等因素对生物柴油产率的影响.结果表明,在实验范围内各影响因素对生物柴油产率作用的大小依次为:搅拌强度>反应时间>催化剂用量>醇油摩尔比>反应温度.盐地碱蓬油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺参数为:搅拌强度为1 800 r/min,反应时间60min,催化剂KOH用量为盐地碱蓬油质量的1%,醇油摩尔比6/1,反应温度65℃.在该工艺条件下,生物柴油产率达到97.03%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。