改性脂肪酸提切剂的研制及其应用

合成一种可在油基钻井液中代替有机土的改性脂肪酸提切剂,测定提切剂对乳液流变性能的影响,分析乳液样品的三段式触变性,使用冷冻电镜观察提切剂对乳液微观结构的影响,采用界面流变仪分析提切剂对油水界面流变性的影响,分析提切剂的作用机制,在高密度油基钻井液中进行适用性评价。结果表明:提切剂有利于提高乳液黏度尤其是低剪切速率黏度;加入提切剂后,乳液具有优良的触变性,并观测到蜂窝状结构;提切剂能够显著增强油水界面弹性模量和界面膜强度,有利于乳液稳定;提切剂吸附在油水界面,通过氢键作用在乳液中构建三维网架结构,从而增强弱凝胶结构和提高切力;与含有机土的油基钻井液相比,使用提切剂的无土相油基钻井液具有较优异的流变结构与电稳定性。     

黏土-水悬浮体系热滚老化后分散性

黏土作为钻井液重要的基础材料,黏土-水分散体系热滚老化后的分散行为直接影响到钻井液流变性、失水造壁性和沉降稳定性等性能,尤其对于高温高密度钻井液。通过激光粒度仪对黏土-水分散体系热滚老化后的粒径中值进行了研究,考察了黏土种类、无机盐和氢氧化钠等因素对黏土-水分散体系的影响。结果表明,随老化温度升高,高岭石、海泡石和凹凸棒石的黏土-水悬浮体系粒径中值稳定,表现出对温度因素不敏感,但高岭石和凹凸棒石粒径要明显小于海泡石。膨润土-水悬浮体系随老化温度升高,温度低于90℃时,黏土水化分散占主导作用,分散度增加;温度在90℃-180℃时,水化分散和去水化聚结两种因素并存,分散度相对稳定;温度在180℃-200℃时,去水化聚结占主导作用,分散度降低;氢氧化钠加入并未影响膨润土-水分散体系的分散规律,只是加剧了膨润土的分散程度,温度超过150℃时这种差异性消失。膨润土-无机盐水悬浮体系随老化温度升高,水化分散占主导作用,分散度增加,并在120℃趋于稳定。膨润土高温水化分散和去水化聚结作用均对钻井液尤其是高密度钻井液性能造成不利影响,降低膨润土加量或者使用分散度对温度不敏感的黏土如高岭土等以及加入适量无机盐可以降低这种不利影响。     

黏土-水悬浮体系热滚老化后的分散性

黏土作为钻井液重要的基础材料,黏土-水分散体系热滚老化后的分散行为直接影响到钻井液流变性、失水造壁性和沉降稳定性等性能,尤其对于高温高密度钻井液。通过激光粒度仪对黏土-水分散体系热滚老化后的粒径中值进行研究,考察黏土种类、无机盐和氢氧化钠等因素对黏土-水分散体系的影响。结果表明,随老化温度升高,高岭石、海泡石和凹凸棒石的黏土-水悬浮体系粒径中值稳定,表现出对温度因素不敏感,但高岭石和凹凸棒石粒径要明显小于海泡石。膨润土-水悬浮体系随老化温度升高,温度低于90℃时,黏土水化分散占主导作用,分散度增加;温度在90～180℃时,水化分散和去水化聚结两种因素相对平衡,分散度相对稳定;温度在180～200℃时,去水化聚结占主导作用,分散度降低;氢氧化钠加入并未影响膨润土-水分散体系的分散规律,只是加剧了膨润土的分散程度,温度超过150℃时这种差异性消失。膨润土-无机盐水悬浮体系随老化温度升高,水化分散占主导作用,分散度增加,并在120℃趋于稳定。膨润土高温水化分散和去水化聚结作用均对钻井液尤其是高密度钻井液性能造成不利影响,降低膨润土加量或者使用分散度对温度不敏感的黏土如高岭土等以及加入适量无机盐可以降低这种不利影响。     

水包油钻井液基本配方优选及抗温性评价

在室内配制了水包油钻井液,基本配方为40％水＋60％柴油＋0.75％乳化剂＋2.0%稳定剂 1.0％消泡剂。分别在100℃、130℃、160℃进行高温老化实验,结果表明配制的水包油钻井液在不同温度老化后流变性变化不大,稳定性很好。     

一种新型抗高温有机土的研制及性能评价

有机土是油基钻井液中一种重要处理剂,主要功用是增粘提切。目前采用传统方法制备的有机土在高温下容易分解失去功效,解析出来的表面活性剂会降低油包水乳化钻井液的电稳定性,通过优选季铵盐和采用螯合技术合成一种高温稳定的有机土XNORB。评价结果表明,有机土XNORB不但在柴油和白油中具有良好的分散性能和增粘效果,而且能在220℃的高温基本保持稳定,对乳状液的稳定性无不良影响,其性能明显优于现有国产有机土,与美国产品VG—69性能相当。     

油基钻井液流变参数影响因素探讨

测试不同油基钻井液体系不同温度下的流变参数,并对其在不同温度下的流变模式进行拟合。实验结果表明,以5号白油为基础油配制的不同油基钻井液体系在4~65℃内都属于赫巴流变模式。采用正交设计和极差分析的方法研究了钻井液各组分对钻井液赫巴模式3参数的影响程度。结果表明,相对于其他因素,油水比对赫巴模式3参数的影响幅度最大,相同测试温度下,油水比越低,体系的动切力越大,流性指数越小,稠度指数越大。油水比对体系动切力的影响幅度随温度增加而降低,对流性指数的影响幅度随温度升高而增加,而对体系稠度系数的影响随温度升高变化不大。温度越高,钻井液体系的动切力和稠度指数越小。     

聚胺抑制剂DEG对水基钻井液抑制性的影响

端羟基改性聚醚胺DEG是一种新型页岩抑制剂。与氯化钾、甲酸钠等抑制剂盐相比,DEG对淡水钻井液和盐水钻井液的流变性及滤失性影响相对较小。对钠基膨润土的线性膨胀倍数降低率以及对新疆塔里木油田侏罗系页岩岩屑的热滚回收率实验表明,DEG具有更优的抑制性,其1%加量的抑制性等效于10%氯化钾。在经历36%氯化钠、5%无水氯化钙或5%结晶氯化镁分别在120℃下热滚16 h污染后,流变性能较为稳定。在100~150℃高温滚动老化16 h后,其流变性变化亦很小。证实DEG是一种抑制性能优异、对钻井液性能影响较小、且有一定抗温、抗盐能力的新型泥页岩抑制剂,有望用于深井、复杂地层和海洋钻探。     

KH570-MMT改性蓖麻油基紫外光固化水性聚氨酯涂料的研究

本文通过分子结构设计,以异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯、蓖麻油为主要原料,制备主链和端基均含不饱和双键的紫外光固化水性聚氨酯涂料,将其与硅烷偶联剂改性的有机蒙脱土混合,得到有机-无机纳米复合材料(KH570-MMT);采用X-射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、热重分析(TGA)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等对产物进行表征,并考察有机蒙脱土添加量对涂膜性能的影响。结果表明:KH570-MMT的加入提高了复合涂膜的热稳定性,当KH570-MMT的添加量为5%(wt)时,热失重温度T5%由256℃提高到281℃;随着有机蒙脱土加入量的增加,涂膜的拉伸强度不断增大,断裂伸长率先增大后减小。     

PS/纳米CaCO3复合材料玻璃化转变及物理老化研究

 通过差示扫描量热法（DSC）测定了PS/纳米CaCO₃复合材料的玻璃化转变温度及热物理老化样品的解缠结热焓。结果表明：纳米粒子加入有利于PS分子链段松弛运动,PS/纳米CaCO₃复合材料的Tg随纳米粒子含量增加而有不同程度的下降。复合材料物理老化后,Tg向高温方向移动,解缠结热焓值比纯PS增大并随物理老化温度的提高而增加。68 ℃或78 ℃老化样品分别在纳米CaCO₃质量分数为1%和3%时出现最大解缠结热焓值。与PS/纳米CaCO₃相比,PS/包覆纳米CaCO₃复合材料的Tg虽然变化不大,但解缠结热焓值提高。     

页岩气水平井防塌水基钻井液体系研究

为解决油基钻井液在页岩气水平井中应用时带来的环保问题和钻井液处理成本较高的问题,通过室内实验优选出了性能优良的封堵剂、抑制剂和润滑剂,并结合其他处理剂,研究出一套适合页岩气水平井的防塌水基钻井液体系,室内对其综合性能进行了评价.结果表明:钻井液体系经过130℃老化后,其流变性能稳定、滤失量较小,具有良好的耐温性能;钻井液体系低渗砂盘封堵实验的瞬时滤失量和静态滤失速率分别为0.6 mL和0.33 mL/min,具有良好的封堵性能;钻井液体系的抑制性能和润滑性能与现场油基钻井液体系基本相当,能够很好的起到抑制页岩水化分散和降低摩擦阻力的作用;另外,钻井液体系中加入20％NaCl、2％CaCl2和20％岩屑后,体系老化前后的流变性能和滤失量变化均不大,说明体系具有较强的抗污染能力.现场应用结果表明,使用防塌水基钻井液施工的X-101井钻井过程顺利,各项施工参数均达到设计要求,并且与前期已钻井X-3HM井相比,钻井周期、井下复杂时间以及平均井径扩大率均明显降低,水平段钻速明显提高,达到了良好的钻井效果.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.