水溶性紫杉醇衍生物的合成

以巴卡亭Ⅲ(Ⅰ)为原料,经酯化、缩合、选择性脱保护等反应得到2'-O-[4-N,N-二甲基氨基-2(R)-氟代丁酰基]-紫杉醇盐酸盐(Ⅵ)。中间体7-O-苄氧甲酰基-紫杉醇(Ⅳ)与(R)-4-N,N-二甲基氨基-2-氟代丁酰氯盐酸盐(Ⅶ)酯化得到2'-O-[4-N,N-二甲基氨基-2(R)-氟代丁酰基]-7-O-苄氧甲酰基-紫杉醇盐酸盐(Ⅴ),Ⅴ经氢解脱保护得到Ⅵ。探讨了三氟乙酸和乙酸体积比对合成化合物Ⅳ反应时间的影响;考察了在制备化合物Ⅴ时,(R)-4-N,N-二甲基氨基-2-氟代丁酸盐酸盐(Ⅷ)和催化剂4-二甲氨基吡啶(4-DMAP)的用量对Ⅳ转化率的影响。得到优化的实验条件为:V(三氟乙酸)∶V(乙酸)=1∶8;n(Ⅳ)∶n(4-DMAP)∶n(Ⅷ)=1∶3∶3。得到的产物Ⅵ采用核磁、质谱和碳谱进行了表征。该合成工艺操作简易,总收率大于60%,并且目标产物Ⅵ的HPLC纯度可达99%。     

新型除草剂苯嘧磺草胺的合成研究

以2-氯-4-氟苯甲酸为起始原料,经硫酸和硝酸硝化,氯化亚砜酰化后与N-甲基-N-异丙基磺酰胺反应得到化合物N-(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯甲酰)-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺;制得N-(2-氯-4-氟-5-硝基苯甲酰)-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺经钯碳加氢硝基还原,然后与氯甲酸乙酯反应得到化合物N-[2-氯-4-氟-5-{(乙氧基羰基)氨基}苯甲酰]-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺;N-[2-氯-4-氟-5-{(乙氧基羰基)氨基}苯甲酰]-N′-异丙基-N′-甲基磺酰胺与3-甲基氨基-4,4,4-三氟丁烯酸乙酯进行环化,得到目的产物苯嘧磺草胺。总收率68.0%(以2-氯-4-氟苯甲酸计)。经核磁谱图分析,所得化合物与目的产物苯嘧磺草胺结构一致。     

N~1-(4-氨基丁基)-N~4-(9-蒽甲基)-1,4-丁二胺的合成

以N-叔丁氧羰基-1,4-丁二胺和N-(4-溴丁基)邻苯二甲酰亚胺为原料,经取代及保护两步反应合成N1-(4-邻苯二甲酰亚胺)丁基-N1,N4-二叔丁氧羰基-1,4-丁二胺(Ⅳ),然后肼解得N1-氨基丁基-N1,N4-二叔丁氧羰基-1,4-丁二胺(Ⅴ),3步反应总收率38%;Ⅴ与9-蒽甲醛缩合后用NaBH4还原,产物提纯后脱保护得目标产物N1-(4-氨基丁基)-N4-(9-蒽甲基)-1,4-丁二胺盐酸盐(Ⅶ),3步反应总收率约7 5%。化合物Ⅳ~Ⅶ的结构经13CNMR,1HNMR和ESI-MS确证,并对反应条件进行了初步优化。     

甲磺酸卡莫司他关键中间体的合成

以对胍基苯甲酸盐酸盐和对羟基苯乙酸-N,N-二甲基甲酰氨基甲酰甲酯为原料、草酰氯为卤化剂、吡啶为缚酸剂合成了甲磺酸卡莫司他关键中间体N,N-二甲基氨基甲酰甲基-4-(4-胍基苯甲酰氧基)苯乙酸酯盐酸盐,总收率96.6%,并优化了其合成工艺。产物结构经1 HNMR、13 CNMR和质谱确证。该合成方法原料易得,反应条件温和,适合工业化生产。     

1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷脂酰丝氨酸的全合成

(S)-2-[(苄氧羰基)氨基]-3-羟基丙酸苄酯（Ⅰ）经亚磷酸二苯酯处理得到了(S)-2-[(苄氧羰基)氨基]-2-(苄氧羰基)乙基膦酸酯（Ⅱ）；化合物Ⅱ经新戊酰氯介导活化后，与(S)-(+)-2,2-二甲基-1,3-二氧戊环-4-甲醇（Ⅲ）缩合，并由碘氧化得到新化合物(R)-2,3-异亚丙基-sn-甘油基{(S)-2-[(苄氧羰基)氨基]-2-(苄氧羰基)-1-氧乙基}膦酸酯（Ⅳ）；然后，化合物Ⅳ在三氟乙酸的作用下脱除异丙叉基得到(R)-2,3-二羟基丙基-sn-甘油基{(S)-2-[(苄氧羰基)氨基]-2-(苄氧羰基)-1-氧乙基}膦酸酯（Ⅴ）；在1-乙基-(3-二甲氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐（EDCI）的作用下，中间体Ⅴ与硬脂酸进一步乙酰化，以85.8%的产率得到了(R)-2,3-双(硬脂酰基)丙酰基{(S)-2-[(苄氧羰基)氨基]-2-(苄氧羰基)-1-氧乙基}膦酸酯（Ⅵ）；中间体Ⅵ经氢解得到了1,2-二硬脂酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷脂酰丝氨酸（Ⅶ）。对主要合成步骤的反应条件进行了优化，并进行了验证和放大实验。产物Ⅶ共经历5步反应，总产率为57.1%。采用FTIR、HRMS和...     

1,3,8-三羟基-6-甲酰基-9,10-蒽醌的合成

以大黄素(Ⅱ)为原料,在丙酮中与硫酸二甲酯〔n(Ⅱ)∶n(硫酸二甲酯)=1∶20〕反应24 h得到1,3,8-三甲氧基-6-甲基-9,10-蒽醌(Ⅲ),收率为95%;Ⅲ在过氧化苯甲酰及光引发下与N-溴代丁二酰亚胺(NBS)〔n(Ⅲ)∶n(NBS)=1∶3.45〕在四氯化碳中反应25 h得到1,3,8-三甲氧基-6-二溴甲基-9,10-蒽醌(Ⅳ),收率为70%;Ⅳ在甲氧基乙醇中水解10 m in,经氯仿萃取得1,3,8-三甲氧基-6-甲酰基-9,10-蒽醌(Ⅴ),收率为96%;最后化合物Ⅴ在氮气保护及冰水浴条件下与三溴化硼〔n(Ⅴ)∶n(BB r3)=1∶10〕反应2 h,合成了目标化合物1,3,8-三羟基-6-甲酰基-9,10-蒽醌(Ⅰ),总收率为47.2%。     

5-甲基-2-(对-N,N-二苯氨基苯基)-4-乙酰基(口恶)唑的合成

将亚硝酸钠溶液加入到溶于冰醋酸中的乙酰丙酮中,温度保持在0～5℃得到了羟亚氨基乙酰丙酮(I),产率44%.对-N,N-二苯氨基苯甲醛(Ⅱ)由三苯胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、三氯氧磷经Vilsmeier反应合成,产率89%.羟亚氨基乙酰丙酮和对-N,N-二苯氨基苯甲醛溶于冰醋酸中,在干燥的氯化氢作用下,温度保持在0～5℃,首先生成盐酸盐中间体(Ⅲ),然后控制温度为40～50℃,盐酸盐在冰醋酸中经锌粉还原为5-甲基-2-(对-N,N-二苯氨基苯基)-4-乙酰基 唑(Ⅳ),反应时间3 h,产率22%.     

马蹄金素酯类衍生物的合成及表征

以L-酪氨酸为起始原料,在碱性条件下与苯甲酰氯缩合得到N-苯甲酰基-O-苯甲酰基-L-酪氨酸(Ⅰ),收率87%;然后,在氯甲酸异丁酯-N-甲基吗啉(IBCF-NMM)的作用下与L-苯丙氨醇缩合形成具有双酰胺结构的N-(N-苯甲酰基-O-苯甲酰基-L-酪氨酰基)-L-苯丙氨醇(Ⅱ),收率80.7%;经碱水解得N-(N-苯甲酰基-L-酪氨酰基)-L-苯丙氨醇(Ⅲ),收率84.5%;在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和无水K2CO3的作用下与二甲氨基氯乙烷盐酸盐反应4 h后得N-(N-苯甲酰基-O-二甲氨基乙基-L-酪氨酰基)-L-苯丙氨醇(Ⅳ),收率79%;最后,化合物Ⅳ在以1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳酰二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC.HCl)和4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)为缩合剂的条件下与有机酸反应,合成了以苯丙二肽类化合物马蹄金素〔N-(N-苯甲酰基-L-苯丙氨酰基)-O-乙酰基-L-苯丙氨醇,MTS〕为先导化合物的衍生物共11个,其结构经NMR、ESI-MS进行了确认。     

4-（4-氟苯基）-2-（2-甲基丙酰基）-4-氧代-N，β-二苯基丁酰胺的合成工艺研究

以异丁酸、氯化亚砜、丙二酸、苯胺等为原料,经氯化、缩合和胺解反应得到异丁酰乙酰苯胺：以苯乙酸、氯化亚砜、氟代苯、溴等为原料,经氯化、烃化和溴化反应得到2-溴-1-（4-氟苯基）-苯乙酮,上述两步产物经缩合反应得到阿托伐他汀钙的关键中间体4-（4-氟苯基）-2-（2-甲基丙酰基）-4-氧代-N,卢-二苯基丁酰胺（里）。方法原料易得、操作简便、收率较高,各主要化合物结构经红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振氢谱确证。     

1′-叔丁氧羰基-5-氟-螺-(吲哚啉-3,4′-哌啶)的合成

采用有效的方法合成了标题化合物。首先用三氟乙酸酐对1-N进行保护,然后用钯碳（Pd／C）还原1′-N的cbz,并用Boc酸酐将1′-N加以保护得到1-三氟乙酰基-′-叔丁氧羰基-5-氟-螺-（吲哚啉-3,4′-哌啶）,最后,在碱性条件下-1-三氟乙酰基-′-叔丁氧羰基-5-氟-螺-（吲哚啉-3,4′-哌啶）选择性的离去1-N保护基三氟乙酸酐得到标题化合物。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.