噻唑-4-甲醛的合成工艺研究

以廉价的2-氨基-噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯为原料,经Na NO2重氮化后脱去氨基,次磷酸还原制得噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯,再用KBH4/Li Cl还原,次氯酸钠氧化制得噻唑-4-甲醛,总收率达34. 79%,产物经质谱、红外、核磁表征。考察了反应温度、还原体系和硼氢化钾用量对产物收率的影响,最佳还原条件为n(噻唑-4-甲酸甲酯)∶n(KBH4/Li Cl)=1∶1. 5,反应温度为80℃,还原反应收率达75. 3%。     

4-甲基-5-甲酰基噻唑的合成研究

研究了头孢托仑匹酯3-位侧链4-甲基-5-甲酰基噻唑(1)的合成工艺,以氯丙酮(2)和硫脲为起始原料,经环合、Vilsmeier甲酰化、重氮化还原脱氨基得到4-甲基-5-甲酰基噻唑(1),反应总收率为58.5%。考察了重氮化还原脱氨基反应中溶剂、反应温度、亚硝酸叔丁酯及添加剂二甲基亚砜的用量对产物1收率的影响,得出了优化工艺条件。     

1-甲基-3-正丙基-4-氨基-5-吡唑羧酰胺的制备

1 甲基 3 正丙基 5 吡唑羧酸经硝酸 -浓硫酸硝化制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酸 ,收率 85 %;用氯化亚砜将其酰氯化制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酰氯 ,该吡唑羧酰氯与浓氨水反应制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 硝基 5 吡唑羧酰胺 ,收率 90 %;硝基吡唑羧酰胺在乙醇中用氯化亚锡还原制得 1 甲基 3 正丙基 4 氨基 5 吡唑羧酰胺 ,收率 84%。研究了反应的较佳合成工艺条件 ,产品经TLC、IR及MS谱进行了结构表征。     

3-醛基吲哚-6-甲酸的合成

4-甲基-3-硝基苯甲酸经MeOH/H2SO4酯化得4-甲基-3-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(2),2与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺二甲基缩醛缩合后经Fe/HAc还原制得吲哚-6-甲酸甲酯(3),最后3与POCl3/DMF通过Vilsmeier反应合成了3-醛基吲哚-6-甲酸(1)。结果表明最佳反应条件为:吲哚-6-甲酸甲酯与DMF和NaOH的摩尔比为1∶8∶4,反应总收率达54.2%。产物的结构经IR,1H NMR和MS得到了确证。     

2-(2-苄氧羰基氨基噻唑-4-基)-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯氧羰基)-2-戊烯酸合成

对头孢布烯的关键中间体2-(2-苄氧羰基氨基噻唑-4-基)-5-(3-甲基-2-丁烯氧羰基)-2-戊烯酸(1)的制备工艺进行了研究。选用2-(2-苄氧羰基氨基噻唑-4-基)-2-戊烯二酸(2)与1-溴-3-甲基-2-丁烯进行选择酯化反应制得目标化合物1,反应总收率82.5%,该工艺操作简单,生产成本较低。     

3-醛基吲哚-7-甲酸的合成

以3-甲基-2-硝基苯甲酸为原料,用MeOH/H2SO4酯化先制得3-甲基-2-硝基苯甲酸甲酯(2),化合物2与DMFDMA缩合后经Fe/HOAc还原得到吲哚-7-甲酸甲酯(4),最后化合物4与POCl3/DMF通过Vilsmeier反应合成了标题化合物,总收率53%。产物的结构经1HNMRI、R和MS得到确证。     

含2-三氟甲基苯并咪唑的1,2,4-三唑的合成

2-三氟甲基苯并咪唑-1-乙酰肼在无水乙醇中分别与苯基异硫氰酸酯、对甲苯基异硫氰酸酯、对甲氧苯基异硫氰酸酯和邻甲苯基异硫氰酸酯反应,得到相应的酰氨基硫脲(Ⅲa~d),收率分别为73.3%、87.3%、85.5%和64.3%。再于115~120℃下,与w(NH2NH2.H2O)=85%的水合肼反应4 h,制得3-(2-三氟甲基苯并咪唑-1-亚甲基)-4-氨基-5-芳胺基-1,2,4-三唑(Ⅳa~d),收率分别为53.5%、56.1%、61.8%和50.7%。该方法反应时间短,处理简单,产率较高。目标化合物经元素分析,IR和1HNMR进行了结构确证。     

2-溴-4-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸乙酯的合成

以乙酰乙酸乙酯和硫脲为原料反应合成了2-氨基-4-甲基噻唑-5-甲酸乙酯,并就原料配比做了优化,再进行重氮化反应合成目标产物。其中重氮化反应使用两种不同的反应方法 (亚硝酸钠重氮化法和亚硝酸酯重氮化法)进行对比,两步总收率为33.6%。目标化合物经核磁共振确证。     

2-氨基噻唑-5-甲酸甲酯和2-溴噻唑-5-甲酸甲酯的简便合成

以β-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯、N-溴代丁二酰亚胺、水和硫脲为原料,采用一锅法制得2-氨基噻唑-5-甲酸甲酯,产率71%;再通过重氮化-溴化反应合成2-溴噻唑-5-甲酸甲酯,产率68%.     

2-氨基-4-甲基-5-苯甲酰胺噻唑合成研究

以乙酰乙酰苯胺和二氯化砜为原料,通过氯代反应生成α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺。以水为溶剂,在酸催化下α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺与硫脲发生缩合反应制得2-氨基-4-甲基-5-苯甲酰胺噻唑,缩合反应的较优合成工艺条件:α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺与硫脲的质量比为1∶1.2、反应温度90℃、反应时间3h、浓盐酸0.5mL、H_2O 35mL。实验表明,α-氯代乙酰乙酰苯胺收率达到91.4%,2-氨基-4-甲基-5-苯甲酰胺噻唑收率达到94.7%,总收率达到87%。经红外、高液相色谱、~1H NMR表征证明合成产物为目标化合物。该合成技术工艺过程简单、生产安全、反应条件温和、生产成本降低、环境友好、产品收率高。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.