伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒大鼠体内药动学与组织分布

摘 要 目的：制备伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒,并考察其在大鼠体内药动学与及组织分布。 方法: 采用超高压微射流技术制备伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒,并评价了白蛋白纳米粒的粒径分布、Zeta电位、外观形态以及体外释药行为;考察了伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒在大鼠体内的药动学与组织分布特征。 结果: 本研究制备的伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒平均粒径为（121.9±41.6）nm,PdI为0.197,Zeta电位为（-42.1±0.9）mV,呈球形或类球形分布;伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒在0.5%吐温80磷酸盐缓冲液（pH 7.4）中24 h累积释放67.5%;大鼠体内药动学研究表明,伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒和伏立康唑注射剂的AUC0-24分别为（98.27±1.42）和（105.32±1.45）g?h?L^-1,MRT0-24分别为（4.48±0.38）和（4.86±0.51）h;伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒能增加药物在大鼠肝、脾、脑中的靶向性。 结论:伏立康唑白蛋白纳米粒在大鼠体内具有良好的肝、脾、脑中靶向性,可以提高药物治疗疗效。     

厄洛替尼在营养不良大鼠体内药动学研究

摘 要 目的：探讨厄洛替尼在营养不良状态大鼠体内药动学特征。方法: 建立营养不良状态大鼠模型。模型组和正常对照组分别尾静脉注射厄洛替尼溶液（6.25 mg·kg^-1）,或口服给予厄洛替尼溶液和厄洛替尼混悬液（13.5 mg·kg^-1）,于给药后不同时间点采集血样,采用HPLC法测定血浆中厄洛替尼的含量,计算药动学参数。结果:统计相比,营养不良大鼠口服溶液剂的Tmax较正常状态大鼠明显延迟（P＜0.05）,但AUC0~t和AUC0~∞变化不大（P＞0.05）。而口服混悬液组,营养不良大鼠的Tmax相对正常状态大鼠明显降低,AUC0~t、AUC0~∞均明显增加（P＜0.05）。同时营养不良大鼠口服溶液剂和混悬剂组的清除率（CL）相对正常状态大鼠均降低约10%（P＜0.05）。结论:营养不良状态对厄洛替尼体内的药动学行为有显著影响,提示临床上营养不良患者使用厄洛替尼时需要对治疗方案进行调整。     

辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒的制备及在大鼠体内的药动学研究

摘 要 目的： 制备辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒,并研究其经灌胃给药后在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法: 采用热熔乳化超声 低温固化法制备辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒,考察辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒的粒径分布、Zeta电位、包封率、微观形态及体外药物释放特性。研究辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒经灌胃给药后在大鼠体内的药动学特征。结果: 辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒平均粒径为(242.5±62.1) nm,多聚分散系数为0.225±0.031,Zeta电位为(-32.1±4.2) mV,包封率为(95.7±2.6) %,在24 h内平稳缓慢释药。辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒在大鼠体内的Cmax和AUC0 t分别为辛伐他汀混悬液的2.89倍和1.83倍。结论:辛伐他汀固体脂质纳米粒在大鼠体内能快速吸收,显著提高了药物在大鼠体内的生物利用度。     

HPLC-MS法测定大鼠体内血塞通对氯沙坦钾的药动学影响

摘 要 目的：应用高效液相质谱(HPLC MS)法研究血塞通对氯沙坦钾大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法: 大鼠分别口服氯沙坦钾和氯沙坦钾加血塞通后,采用HPLC MS 法检测氯沙坦钾及代谢产物EXP3174的血药浓度,计算相关药动学参数,并进行统计学分析。结果: 氯沙坦钾及代谢物EXP3174在2.0~2 000 ng·ml-1的浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.996 4和r=0.999 5）;平均回收率为85.19%~109.79%。样品测定结果显示：联合用药后,氯沙坦钾的t1/2和 Vz/F显著减小（P<0.05）,Tmax显著增加（P<0.05）;代谢物EXP3174 的t1/2显著减小（P<0.05）,Tmax显著增加（P<0.05）。结论: 所建立的HPLC MS法灵敏度高、选择性好,可用于体内氯沙坦钾及EXP3174血药浓度的测定。血塞通与氯沙坦钾联用后,能够影响氯沙坦钾在体内的吸收与代谢。     

多西他赛长循环脂质体的制备与大鼠体内药动学评价

摘 要 目的：制备多西他赛长循环脂质体,并评价大鼠尾静脉给药的药动学特性。方法: 采用薄膜分散 挤出法制备多西他赛长循环脂质体,并对其粒径分布、Zeta电位和微观形态进行表征。将12只Wistar大鼠随机分为多西他赛注射液组和多西他赛长循环脂质体组,尾静脉给药剂量均为7.5 mg·kg^-1,采用HPLC法测定大鼠血中多西他赛的药物浓度,采用3P97程序计算多西他赛大鼠体内药动学参数。结果: 多西他赛长循环脂质体平均粒径为（109.2±28.6）nm,Zeta电位为（-15.8±2.7）mV。多西他赛注射液和多西他赛长循环脂质体在大鼠体内的t_1/2(α)分别为（0.19±0.05）h和（0.36±0.07）h;t_1/2(β)分别为（1.82±0.33）h和（17.93±1.37）h;AUC_0-t分别为（4.42±0.76）μg·mL^-1·h^-1和（33.73±3.52）μg·mL^-1·h^-1。结论:多西他赛长循环脂质体与市售多西他赛注射液相比,延长了药物在血浆中的滞留时间,能达到长循环目的。     

十一酸睾酮二元醇质体凝胶剂体内外透皮特性研究

摘 要 目的：对十一酸睾酮（TU）二元醇质体凝胶进行体内外透皮考察。方法: 采用注入法制备TU二元醇质体,以卡波姆941为凝胶基质,制备TU二元醇质体凝胶剂;以小鼠皮肤为屏障,采用Franz扩散池法对其体外透皮特性进行考察;以大鼠为实验动物,背部给予TU二元醇质体凝胶剂后,于设定的时间点测定血浆中TU浓度,计算药动学参数,并与TU二元醇质体进行比较。结果: TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的体外累积透皮百分率Q与时间t均符合一级动力学模型,线性方程分别为：Q=8.68t+6.78（r=0.998 2）和Q=6.09t+3.09（r=0.999 3）,稳态透皮速率分别为8.68 μg·cm^-2·h^-1和6.09 μg·cm^-2·h^-1,24 h后TU在皮肤中的滞留量分别为（208.80±55.26）μg·g^-1和（225.60±38.90）μg·g^-1;大鼠体内TU二元醇质体及其凝胶的主要药动学参数分别为：Cmax（18.50±2.75）mg·L^-1和（20.80±2.42）mg·L^-1;tmax（6.20±0.14）h和（9.54±0.52）h;AUC0-48h（336.74±2.05）h和（486.30±1.68）h。结论:TU二元醇质体及其凝胶均呈现较好的体内外透皮特性,且在缓释性上凝胶剂表现更优。     

尼达尼布在家兔体内的药动学研究

摘 要 目的： 建立家兔血浆尼达尼布检测的高效液相色谱方法,研究尼达尼布在家兔体内的药动学。方法: 采用ZORBAX SB-C₁₈色谱柱为分离柱,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸-水（35∶20∶45）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为286 nm,柱温为35℃;以卡马西平为内标,血浆在碱性条件下经乙酸乙酯萃取后检测。雄性家兔6只,按20 mg·kg^-1的剂量耳缘静脉注射给予尼达尼布;分别在给药前和给药后不同时间点耳缘静脉采集血液,分离血浆待测。用DAS 3.0计算药动学参数。结果: 尼达尼布浓度在0.05～10.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）;低中高三个浓度（0.10,2.50,7.50 μg·mL^-1）的日内精密度RSD分别为5.55％、4.53％和2.74％,日间精密度RSD分别为6.15％、5.45％和3.15％;相对回收率分别为（98.50±5.47）％、（100.25±4.54）％和（99.94±2.74）％。6只家兔血浆尼达尼布浓度经DAS 3.0计算,尼达尼布的主要药动学参数如下：C_max为（3.01±0.35） μg·mL^-1,t_1/2为（4.38±1.53）h,AUC_0-t为（11.67±1.71）μg·h·mL^-1。结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,适用于家兔血浆尼达尼布浓度的测定及其药动学研究。尼达尼布在家兔体内呈一级动力学消除。     

塞来昔布纳米混悬剂的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

摘 要 目的： 制备塞来昔布纳米混悬剂（CXB NSs）,并考察大鼠灌胃给药后体内药动学特征。方法: 采用反溶剂沉淀 高压均质法制备CXB-NSs,并考察其粒度分布,多聚分散系数和Zeta电位。将12只Wistar大鼠随机分为CXB NSs组和CXB混悬液组,灌胃给药剂量均为100 mg·kg^-1,采用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中的CXB浓度,用3P97软件计算相应的药动学参数。结果: CXB NSs平均粒径为(442.5±61.9) nm,多聚分散系数为0.312±0.057,Zeta电位为(-31.6±3.9) mV。CXB NSs和CXB混悬液在大鼠体内的AUC(0-t)分别为(5.13±0.77)和(13.51±3.18) mg·L^-1·h;t1/2分别为(12.31±1.91)和(12.73±1.83) h;Tmax 分别为(2.48±0.37)和(1.41±0.27) h;Cmax分别为(0.94±0.31)和(2.38±0.25) mg·L^-1。结论:CXB NSs能显著提高药物在大鼠体内的生物利用度。     

UPLC-MS/MS法检测大鼠血浆中阿法替尼浓度及其药动学研究

摘 要 目的：建立一种检测大鼠血浆中阿法替尼浓度的UPLC MS/MS方法。方法: 选择用乙腈沉淀的蛋白质样品进行样品处理并运用Waters XEVO TQD三重四级杆液质联用仪和CORTECS BEH C18柱(50 mm×2.1 mm, 1.6 μm)分离分析物。流动相由乙腈和水（0.1％甲酸）组成,流速为0.4 ml·min^-1,柱温为40℃,内标为来那替尼。采用正离子电喷雾多反应监测（MRM）模式对分析物进行定量,目标碎片离子为阿法替尼m/z 486.19→112.1,来那替尼（IS）m/z 557.3→112.15。结果:阿法替尼在1 200 ng·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.998 1),定量下限为1 ng·ml^-1。日内精密度和日间精密度均≤9.51％,阿法替尼从血浆中回收率高于77.1％。大鼠灌胃给药和静脉给药阿法替尼后,t1/2分别为7.19 h和2.69 h,Cmax分别为97.78 ng·ml^-1和123.37 ng·ml^-1,AUC(0-∞)分别为1 505.4 ng·h·ml^-1和405.55 ng·h·ml^-1。结论:该方法准确可靠,操作简便,重复性好,适用于灌胃和静脉注射10和2 mg·kg^-1剂量的阿法替尼的药动学研究。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定大鼠血浆中伏立康唑和卡泊芬净及其药动学初步研究

目的 建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）法同时测定大鼠血浆中伏立康唑和卡泊芬净的浓度,并用于伏立康唑和卡泊芬净单独给药和联合给药后SD大鼠体内的药动学初步研究。方法 伏立康唑、卡泊芬净分别以氘代伏立康唑和氘代卡泊芬净为内标,血浆样品经乙腈提取,以0.1%甲酸-乙腈和0.1%甲酸-水为流动相,用Phenomenex SynergiHydro-RP 80A柱进行梯度分离,0.5 mL/min体积流量,柱温为常温,10 μL进样量,多级反应监测（MRM）ESI正离子模式;12只SD大鼠随机分成3组,即伏立康唑（ig,40 mg/kg）组、卡泊芬净（iv,5 mg/kg）组、伏立康唑（ig,40 mg/kg）与卡泊芬净（iv 5 mg/kg）联合给药组,分别于给药后不同时间点颈静脉采血进行浓度测定,并计算药动学参数。结果 伏立康唑在0.5~500.0 ng/mL、卡泊芬净在4~4 000 ng/mL线性关系均良好,批内精密度（RSD%）和准确度（RE%）均小于10%,伏立康唑和卡泊芬净提取回收率均大于90%;SD大鼠单剂量联合给予伏立康唑和卡泊芬净后,伏立康唑消除变快,卡泊芬净的消除变慢;伏立康唑、卡泊芬净的C_max、AUC均高于单独用药。结论 HPLC-MS/MS法的专属性强、灵敏、准确、可靠,可用于测定SD大鼠血浆中伏立康唑和卡泊芬净的浓度及药动学研究。伏立康唑延缓了卡泊芬净在动物体内的消除速度,卡泊芬净通过促进伏立康唑的吸收,增加了其在动物体内的血药浓度,联用后二者生物利用度均提高。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.