含油污泥制煤的研究

研究了影响除油、脱水后的含油污泥与煤粉混合制备型煤的因素,以实现罐底泥、渣泥等的废物资源化。试验考察了油泥与煤的混合比例、混合时所用原煤粒度与成型率和抗压强度的关系,助燃剂的添加量和热能、未燃烬率的关系。结果表明:煤粒度在3.35 mm以下,滤饼添加量(w)在25%左右时成型率88%、抗压强度0.150 MPa、新煤热值20 962 k J/kg;助燃剂的添加量(w)1.5%时,热值能达到23 283 k J/kg,未燃烬率18.63%。     

含油污泥基型煤成型条件及燃烧速率研究

为减轻含油污泥直接焚烧造成的二次污染,实现含油污泥的热资源化、清洁化利用,将含油污泥与煤、生物质等混合成型,用氧弹式量热计、抗压强度测定仪、烟气分析仪等对其热值、抗压强度、焚烧烟气等进行了分析,探究了成型压力、含水率对燃烧速率的影响。结果表明,当原料煤∶污泥∶黏土∶杏壳为4∶4∶1∶1,添加水量50 m L/kg,成型压力为20 MPa时,制得的型煤热值可达16 505 k J/kg,跌落强度、抗压强度、浸湿强度分别为97%,454 N/个和234 N/个,燃烧速率为0.016 g/min;780℃时,焚烧过程二氧化硫、氮氧化合物的浓度分别低于60 mg/m3、55 mg/m3,焚烧残渣及残渣浸出液中的Cu等重金属离子浓度,均在含油污泥综合利用污染物指标以下。     

含油污泥基型煤成型条件及燃烧速率研究

为减轻含油污泥直接焚烧造成的二次污染,实现含油污泥的热资源化、清洁化利用,将含油污泥与煤、生物质等混合成型,用氧弹式量热计、抗压强度测定仪、烟气分析仪等对其热值、抗压强度、焚烧烟气等进行了分析,探究了成型压力、含水率对燃烧速率的影响。结果表明,当原料煤∶污泥∶黏土∶杏壳为4∶4∶1∶1,添加水量50 m L/kg,成型压力为20 MPa时,制得的型煤热值可达16 505 k J/kg,跌落强度、抗压强度、浸湿强度分别为97%,454 N/个和234 N/个,燃烧速率为0.016 g/min;780℃时,焚烧过程二氧化硫、氮氧化合物的浓度分别低于60 mg/m3、55 mg/m3,焚烧残渣及残渣浸出液中的Cu等重金属离子浓度,均在含油污泥综合利用污染物指标以下。     

调理压榨后污泥用于制备衍生燃料及燃烧特性研究

文章以剩余污泥作为研究对象,研究了调理压榨后污泥制备污泥衍生燃料及其成型、燃烧特性和热值情况。结果表明:调理段添加的复合调理剂配方能实现有效调理,干基处理效率达0.008 kg/h/m2。添加木屑的污泥衍生燃料成型效果最佳,燃料成型率为88.33%,轴向抗压强度为2.06 MPa,跌落强度为57.10%。污泥衍生燃料的燃烧性能明显优于污泥单独燃烧,添加木屑和稻杆比添加甘蔗渣的燃烧过程更为稳定、均匀。添加木屑、稻杆、甘蔗渣的污泥衍生燃料低位热值分别为16513 kJ/kg、13911 kJ/kg、8840 kJ/kg,说明该工艺制得的污泥衍生燃料可作为燃料使用或焚烧处置。     

适合低质煤燃烧的催化助燃剂研究

以低质煤为原料,浸渍法制备催化剂,利用综合热分析仪研究了KNO3,DF,DY和DN四种助燃组分对低质煤催化燃烧反应性的影响.结果表明,不同组分及其添加量对低质煤助燃效果不同;由KNO3,DF,DY,DN和十二烷基苯磺酸钠以一定比例组成的复合催化助燃剂(FKYN)可使低质煤煤粉着火点降低12.3℃,最大失重率点温度降低8℃,燃烬温度降低13.1℃,煤灰中含碳量显著降低.催化剂的分散程度对助燃效果有显著影响,以5%煤粉为分散剂时,催化效果最佳.     

流化床燃烧条件下过渡金属氧化物的催化固硫研究

利用流化床煤燃烧法和热重分析法研究了MnO_2、Fe_2O_3、ZnO 3种过渡金属氧化物在流化床燃烧条件下的催化固硫效果。实验结果表明,在流化床煤燃烧反应器中,MnO_2、Fe_2O_3、ZnO添加量在Me/S(摩尔比)=2.5时,煤样固硫率最高,分别为40.6%、36.2%、56.9%,添加量为原煤质量的1.0%时,其燃烬率由原煤的44.91%分别提高到57.95%、50.81%、49.36%;在热重分析实验中,MnO_2、Fe_2O_3、ZnO添加量为原煤质量的1.0%时,煤样相对于原煤着火点分别降低5℃、12℃、7℃,最大燃烧速率分别提高32.3%、13.2%、10.0%。结果表明,3种过渡金属氧化物对煤燃烧有良好的催化固硫作用。     

锅炉飞灰的回燃

我厂热电站现有 3台 3 5 t/ h的中温中压链条炉排锅炉 ,其中 2 #、3 #锅炉均燃用挥发分 1 3 %左右的瘦煤 (2 #炉于 1 994年改造 ,3 #炉为 1 997年新上马的 SG3 5 / 3 .82 -M44 1型锅炉 ) ,在运行过程中产生大量飞灰。经测试 ,飞灰量约占燃煤量的 1 5 %。对除尘器下来的细灰取样分析 ,可燃物高达 60 %以上 ,热值为 1 3 81 3 .8k J/ kg。因此飞灰不仅量大 ,而且热值亦高 ,白白排掉 ,热损很大。我们通过分析研究论证 ,结合我厂实际情况 ,决定利用飞灰回燃技术 ,将大量飞灰回收后送入炉膛进行二次燃烧 ,以提高煤的利用率 ,减少飞灰热损失。1　…     

科技动态

广西柳州化学工业集团利用晋城煤粉效果显著柳州化学工业集团有限公司 (简称“柳化”)用于生产合成氨的原料是晋城无烟煤 (简称“白煤”) ,由于无烟煤中含有一定比例的粉煤 ,不能用作生产原料 ,过去是低价卖给别人作他用 ,没有产生什么经济效益。最近他们采用混配煤、掺烧优质低硫白煤粉 ,提高了燃煤的热值 ,使每吨蒸汽的用煤量由原来35 2 kg下降到 2 66kg,在此基础上柳化又对锅炉进行改造 ,使之全部燃用白煤粉 ,成为全国化肥生产行业率先做到“一煤两用”,不再购买燃用煤 ,由于白煤粉热值达 2 9.3k J/ kg,这样煤的用量减少 ,从而使成本也…     

提高潞安喷吹煤粉燃烧率的工业模拟燃烧实验研究

采用六种助燃剂配成几组混合助燃剂,在高炉喷吹煤工业模拟燃烧装置上,模拟高炉风口回旋区的煤粉燃烧状况,测定添加不同助燃剂时潞安喷吹煤粉的燃烧率;结果表明,组成为CeO2、CaCO3、MnO2、Fe2O3的助燃剂是潞安喷吹煤较为理想的助燃剂。     

粉煤成型及干燥工艺条件研究

考察了成型压力、原料粒度、粘结剂和外加水分等成型工艺条件对型煤抗压强度的影响,同时比较了两种干燥条件对其抗压强度的影响。结果表明：成型压力25 MPa,煤料破碎至〈3 mm,沥青加入2%,腐植酸钠添加5%,外加水为16%,并在100℃下干燥4 h所获得型煤的抗压强度最高,达到737 N/cm2。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。