一个有效的时延约束最小代价多播路由算法

基于时延约束多播路由问题考虑链路代价,提出一种新的时延约束最小代价路径(DCM-CA)算法,作为搜寻节点间最短路径的算法;在此基础上又改进了基于代价-时延比率(CDR)函数的有效中心节点选择算法;基于CBT树,应用上述2种算法提出一种基于中心选择的时延约束最小代价多播路由(CS-DCMCMR)算法,该算法在搜寻路径和中心节点选择的问题上同时考虑路径的时延和代价。仿真证明CS-DCMCMR算法的时间复杂度为O(mlogn),与CSDVC算法和CCLDA算法相比,该算法在没有增加复杂度和满足时延及时延抖动约束的条件下,较大程度地减小了最终多播树的总代价。     

一种新的QoS保证的快速组播路由算法

提出了一种新的服务质量保证的组播路由算法。算法使用了一个修改的斯坦利树近似算法来构建时延有界的低代价组播树,再通过最小时延路径与其他尚不在组播树的组内节点连接,并消除环路。理论和仿真表明,新算法与其他一些时延有界组播路由算法一样有较好的性能,并且有较小的复杂度。     

基于最小生成树的时延约束多播路由算法

多播路由已有广泛的应用,但满足时延约束而代价最小的多播路由算法复杂性很高．提出一种快速有效的基于最小生成树满足端到端时延限制的多播路由算法SsTBMR．STBMR试图建立原图的满足时延约束的最小生成树,如果这样的最小生成树不存在,则用已找到的树与时延最小路径一起组成满足时延约束的多播树此算法简单易实现,时间复杂度为O(n2),与Kpp算法的时间复杂度O(△n3)相比,具有更大的应用价值．当然,这是以多播树的费用增大为代价的．实验模拟表明STBMR算法构造的多播树费用比KPP算法构造的约大4%,但STBMR算法执行所耗CPU时间比KPP算法约少54％．     

一种基于链路优化的时延约束组播路由算法

研究具有时延约束的最小代价组播路由问题，提出一种基于链路优化的组播路由算法求解该问题。算法从最小时延树开始，不断地用低代价链路代替树中高代价链路，以求得满足条件的组播树。仿真实验结果表明，该算法能根据组播应用对时延的要求，快速、有效地构造最优组播树，具有较低的时延。     

基于主干树的最小代价组播路由算法

提出基于主干树的最小代价组播路由算法,该算法首先在网络中找出K个代价最小的结点,然后以这K个结点形成一棵树,并称这棵为主干树,然后将不在主干树上的成员结点加入到树上,最后剪去非成员的叶结点。该算法的时间复杂度O(n^3)。该算法所构造的组播树代价略低于MPH算法和KMB算法。     

最短路算法(dijstra算法)的研究

Dijstra标号算法是求从一点到网络其它各点之间最短路的重要算法,而最小生成树是求网络各点之间相互连接的整体代价最小的算法,两者之间算法过程以及思路都不同。然而,本文对这两个算法进行研究,发现这两种算法的本质是一致的。接着对算法进行推广,一种综合算法,并应用到组播路径构造上,经对许多事例分析,发现该算法不仅很好地解决了无约束组播和有时延约束组播的近似最优解的问题,同时对部分有时延和时延抖动组合约束问题也能进行快速求解,且复杂度不超过O(kmn2)。     

一种时延受限共享组播树算法

针对目前基于共享树的组播路由算法中有些算法没有考虑时延约束、有些不能准确地选举出树的中心的情况,提出一种新的时延受限共享组播树算法,并对新算法进行算法分析和仿真实验。该算法首先准确地选择出共享组播树的中心,然后以所选举的中心为树根,构造一棵满足时延约束的最小代价组播树。仿真实验表明,该算法所构造的组播树的成功率要高于RAND DCSHARED,M INMAXD CSHARD,DC IN IT IALDCSHARED等算法,同时也能保证多个源结点到成员结点之间的时延约束。     

基于域感知多域分簇拓扑感知应用层组播算法

为提高应用层组播生成树的稳定性和效率,提出了一种基于域感知的多域分簇拓扑感知应用层组播算法(Mul-Dom CTA).Mul-Dom CTA算法不仅能够通过链路的传输时延将相近的节点组织在一个拓扑域中,实现数据包的就近传输,而且能够通过节点度约束进行重定向,缓解加入顺序的差异对组播树的不利影响,构建相对稳定的组播树.仿真实验证明Mul-Dom CTA模型具有良好的聚簇能力,能够有效降低组播树深度,同时降低组播树数据包的传输时延.     

面向应用的复制服务器动态组播选路算法

在组播选路树的代价函数中计入组播成员加入/离开组播连接的概率,使得移动成员尽可能成为组播选路树的叶节点,并根据代价函数动态选择最小代价树,仿真结果表明,该算法将能保证网络资源得以有效利用。     

链路优化时延约束组播路由的遗传算法

针对网络的瓶颈路径易造成网络拥塞的现象,分析了链路负载不平衡的原因,重新给出链路代价定义,提出一种遗传算法求解该类组播路由问题.算法从链路代价权值转化开始,以满意的时延树为遗传算法的初始解集,然后在交叉操作过程中不断地用低链路代价的边代替树中高链路代价的边,以求得满足链路代价最优的组播树.仿真结果表明,该算法在考虑网络的负载均衡情况下,选择链路代价较低的空闲路径,快速、有效地构建满足时延要求,链路代价最小的组播树.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.