垂直—水平流人工湿地系统除污效果研究

以武汉汉阳桃花岛城市面源污染控制示范工程为依托，研究示范工程中垂直—水平流人工湿地系统对生活污水的净化效果。结果表明，在人工湿地水力停留3 d的情况下，垂直—水平流人工湿系统对COD、SS、TP和TN均具有明显去除效果。其中，对COD、SS的去除率主要位于垂直流阶段，对TP和TN的去除率主要位于水平流阶段。水平流湿地中，种植黄花美人蕉的湿地单元对COD、TP和TN处理效果略高于种植鸢尾和红花美人蕉的湿地单元。     

人工湿地采用棕榈壳作基质材料处理化粪池污水研究

对利用试验尺度的2级垂直流人工湿地(VFEW)处理源于化粪池污水的技术进行了研究。比较了用棕榈壳(PKS)作为垂直流湿地基质(B-PKS)与用泥沙作湿地基质(B-SD)间有机物(OM)和氮的去除效率。实验结果显示,两类湿地的OM去除率大于90%。湿地B-PKS出水中化学耗氧量(COD)浓度未增加。在氨负荷去除效率方面,两类湿地相当。研究表明,人工湿地在利用废物PKS处理化粪池污水方面前景广阔。     

丝状藻生物膜强化表面流湿地系统水质净化试验研究

针对表面流湿地水质净化效果不足的缺陷,考虑采用丝状藻生物膜附着于表面流湿地基质中构建丝状藻生物膜强化表流湿地。对比试验标明:丝状藻生物膜强化后的表面流湿地可以显著提高污染物去除效率,控制同样的进水浓度和水力负荷,在试验期前7~8 d,强化藻生物膜强化基质的人工湿地系统对COD_(Mn)、TN、NH3-N和TP的去除率较普通基质的污染物去除率提高了24.73%,20.84%,21.23%和11.3%;相比于丝状藻静水状态下的水质净化效果,连续运行的强化藻生物膜湿地系统中,对水体TN,NH3-N及CODMn去除率更为稳定,对TP去除效果接近,也一定程度上抑制了TN和NH3-N反向释放及CODMn浓度回升现象。为保证藻生物膜强化表面流湿地的连续运行,在藻类衰亡阶段应改变水力条件以及时清理衰亡的丝状藻,控制藻生物膜的厚度。     

含镉废水人工湿地处理系统中基质微生物数量和酶活性研究

构建了美人蕉-红蛋(MH)和彩叶草-风车草(CF)两种不同植物组合的复合垂直流人工湿地系统,以不种植物的垂直流人工湿地系统(CK)为对照,研究不同湿地系统基质微生物数量和酶活性及其与无机废水中镉的去除效果的相关性。结果表明,在不同的植物系统中,微生物数量和酶活性为:MHCFCK;在同一个湿地系统中为下行池大于上行池;在有植物的系统中其微生物数量和酶活性的垂直分布为0~5 cm5~15cm15~20 cm;基质中真菌、放线菌数量和蔗糖酶活性与镉去除率呈显著正相关,而细菌数量和脲酶活性与镉去除率相关性不显著。     

垂直流人工湿地中污染物昼夜及沿程变化规律

利用垂直潜流人工湿地单元模型探讨COD、TN和NH4+-N质量浓度在一昼夜之中随时间及深度的变化规律。结果表明:垂直潜流人工湿地中污染物去除率的变化呈一定的周期性,昼夜差距较大。COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率在15:00达到最大,夜间最小。COD和NH4+-N质量浓度在表层(距湿地底部60～90cm段)迅速降低,底部变化幅度较小。TN浓度沿程的降低趋势很明显。湿地中COD、NH4+-N和TN质量浓度的变化趋势与DO显著相关,DO质量浓度越高,越有利于有机物和氮的去除。     

多级人工湿地-塘组合系统对微污染水体污染物去除效果的实验研究

采用多级人工湿地-塘组合系统处理微污染水体,考察水力停留时间的变化条件下系统对COD、TP、浊度、氨氮等去除效果的影响.实验结果表明:在水力停留时间为5d时,COD、TP、浊度、氨氮去除率分别为62%、75%、80%、60%,多级人工湿地-塘组合系统能够有效的去除微污染水体污染物质.     

人工湿地净化大连地区污染河水的试验研究

为研究人工湿地对大连地区污染河水的净化效果,以大连复州河为例,实验构建了不同基质和不同植物的人工湿地.系统稳定运行两年时间,实验结果表明,作为人工湿地基质,砾石对SS、TP的去除效果强于碎石,碎石和砾石对COD、TN、NH3-N去除效果相差不大;作为人工湿地植物,芦苇对SS、TP的去除效果强于黄菖蒲,黄菖蒲对TN、NH3-N的去除效果强于芦苇,两者对COD去除效果相差不大;温度对人工湿地的COD、TN、NH3-N去除率影响较大,对TP去除率影响较小.     

垂直潜流锰砂人工湿地处理钢铁废水

研究了以锰砂为填料的垂直流人工湿地处理钢铁废水的效果,试验结果表明:湿地系统对CODCr、Fe、Mn、TP、NH3-N的平均去除率分别为52%、97%、94%、95%和83%.夏季湿地对各种污染物的去除效果最好.HRT在2～5 d时,其改变对污染物的去除影响很小,低温条件对NH3-N的去除效果有一定的影响.对以Fe、Mn、浊度的去除为目的的人工湿地而言,在南方的冬季仍可达到良好效果.     

复合垂直流人工湿地系统对小清河污水的净化效果研究

研究了复合垂直流人工湿地处理系统在停留时间为3d时对小清河污水的净化效果.结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地系统处理效果相当稳定,其对小清河出水中COD、BOD5、TP、TN、SS的平均去除率分别为85%、89%、94%、34%和74%以上.而种植植物的系统去除效果明显高于无种植植物系统的去除效果.     

倒置A2/O—MBR工艺处理低C/N生活污水脱氮性能研究

合肥塘西河再生水厂采用倒置A/O(缺氧/厌氧/好氧—预缺氧)—MBR工艺处理低C/N城市生活污水.研究了投加碳源前后各生化反应池中有机物及氮元素的变化规律,结果表明未投加外碳源时TN的去除率为52.3％,脱氮效果不理想.通过比较乙酸钠、甲醇和乙酸三种不同外加碳源的脱氮效果,可知乙酸钠反硝化速率最高,效果最好.当乙酸钠作外碳源,投加量为50 mgCOD/L时,TN的去除率明显提高,达到74.5％.此外,还分析了投加外碳源后整个工艺系统内COD、TN物质流动情况,结果表明,缺氧池和厌氧池是COD去除的主要单元体,好氧池对COD的去除贡献增强,体系中的TN去除总量在投加外碳源后有了明显的增加,较未投加外碳源时增加了26.5％.     

Integrated constructed wetland systems: design, operation, and performance of low-cost decentralized wastewater treatment systems.

Several different types of constructed wetland systems are being used as decentralized treatment systems including surface-flow, subsurface-flow, vertical-flow, and hybrid systems. Archetypical wetland systems have design strengths and weaknesses, and therefore it should be possible to design combined (integrated) systems to optimize a number of important treatment processes. This study provides comparative efficacy data for two integrated wetland treatment systems (IWTS) designed to enhance treatment of medium strength wastewater generated from a pilot-scale intensive fish farm. Results from the twenty eight months study included consistently high removal of COD (84% +) and ammonia nitrogen (93%) in both systems. Initially, phosphorus removal was also high (>90%) in both systems, but removal efficacy declined significantly over time. Nitrate removal was significantly better in the system that provided sequential aerobic and anoxic environments. Short hydraulic retention times coupled with sustained removal of COD and ammonia indicate that the ReCip components could be a least-cost wastewater treatment technology in the decentralized market sector.     

Effects and mechanism of ozonation for degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution

The degradation efficiencies and mechanism of ozonation for the degradation of sodium acetate in aqueous solution were investigated under atmospheric pressure at room temperature (293 K). The effects of the initial pH value, reaction time, and concentrations of HCO3-, CO32-, CaCl2, and Ca(OH)2 on the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were studied. The results indicated that ozonation obviously improved the degradation rate of sodium acetate when the pH value of the solution was not less than 8.5. A suitable long reaction time may be helpful in increasing the COD removal rate, and a removal rate of 36.36% can be obtained after a 30-minute treatment. The COD removal rate increased firstly and decreased subsequently with the increase of the HCO3- concentration (from 0 to 200 mg/L), and under the same experimental condition it reached the optimum 34.66% at the HCO3- concentration of 100 mg/L. The COD removal rate was 5.26% lower when the concentration of was 200 mg/L than when there was no HCO3-. The COD removal rate decreased by 15.68% when the CO32- concentration increased from 0 to CO32- 200 mg/L. has a more obvious scavenging effect in inhibiting the formation of hydroxyl radicals than HCO3-. CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 could increase the degradation efficiency of sodium acetate greatly, and the COD removal rates reached 65.73% and 83.46%, respectively, after a 30-minute treatment, 29.37% and 47.10% higher, respectively, than with single ozone oxidation. It was proved that the degradation of sodium acetate in the ozonation process followed the mechanism of oxidization with hydroxyl free radicals (·OH).     

Treatment of septage in constructed wetlands in tropical climate: lessons learnt from seven years of operation.

In tropical regions, where most of the developing countries are located, septic tanks and other onsite sanitation systems are the predominant form of storage and pre-treatment of excreta and wastewater, generating septage and other types of sludges. The septage is disposed of untreated, mainly due to lack of affordable treatment options. This study presents lessons that have been learned from the operation of pilotscale constructed wetlands (CWs) for septage treatment since 1997. The experiments have been conducted by using three CW units planted with narrow-leave cattails (Typha augustifolia) and operating in a vertical-flow mode. Based on the experimental results, it can be suggested that the optimum solids loading rate be 250 kg TS/m2 yr and 6-day percolate impoundment. At these operational conditions, the removal efficiencies of CW units treating septage at the range of 80-96% for COD, TS and TKN were achieved. The biosolid accumulated on the CW units to a depth of 80 cm has never been removed during 7 years of operation, but bed permeability remained unimpaired. The biosolid contains viable helminth eggs below critical limit of sludge quality standards for agricultural use. Subject to local conditions, the suggested operational criteria should be reassessed at the full-scale implementation.     

不同植物配置人工湿地冬季生活污水净化效果比较

以某三级串联水平潜流人工湿地污水处理工程为实验基地,研究了5种华南地区常见湿地植物的选择和配置对净化冬季生活污水的影响,为华南地区人工湿地合理优化配置植物提供一定的依据。结果表明:人工湿地系统在冬季对COD、BOD5、TP和大肠菌群仍有较好的去除效果,对TN的去除效果较差。在实验条件下,COD和BOD5的降解主要发生在第一级湿地单元,TP和TN的降解主要发生在第三级湿地单元。三级串联湿地系统净化效果较佳的植物搭配是:第一级栽种水生美人蕉,第二级栽种再力花,第三级栽种菖蒲。     

温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响

构建由潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地串联而成的复合人工湿地系统,研究了复合人工湿地脱氮除磷效果以及温度和基质对人工湿地脱氮除磷效果的影响。结果表明,复合人工湿地TP、氨氮平均去除率为33.64%、57.24%;水温降低会导致人工湿地氮磷去除率下降;基质为粗砂的潜流人工湿地脱氮除磷能力大于基质为砾石的潜流人工湿地。     

Hydraulic behaviour and removal efficiencies of two H-SSF constructed wetlands for wastewater reuse with different operational life

This work focuses on the performance evaluation of two full-scale horizontal suburface flow constructed wetlands (H-SSF CWs) working in parallel, which have an almost equal surface area (about 2,000 m2) but with different operational lives: 8 and 3 years. Both H-SSF CWs, located in Southern Italy (Sicily), are used for tertiary treatment of the effluent of a conventional wastewater treatment plant. This study evaluates and compares H-SSF CW efficiency both in terms of water quality improvement (removal percentage) and achievement of Italian wastewater discharge and irrigation reuse limits. The mean removal percentage, for the overall operational life, of TSS, COD and BOD (80%, 63%, 58% obtained for H-SSF1 and 67%, 38%, 41% for H-SSF2), confirm the high reliability of CWs for wastewater treatment. However, despite the satisfactory removal of microbial indicators (the mean E. coli removal was up to 2.5 log unit for both beds), CWs didn't achieve the Italian limits for wastewater reuse. Information on hydraulic properties of the CWs were extracted from breakthrough curves of a non-reactive tracer (NaCl). By comparing the nominal (tau(n)) and actual residence time (tau), hydraulic behaviour was revealed.     

Effect of recirculation on organic matter removal in a hybrid constructed wetland system

This research project aimed to determine the technologically feasible and applicable wastewater treatment systems which will be constructed to solve environmental problems caused by small communities in Turkey. Pilot-scale treatment of a small community's wastewater was performed over a period of more than 2 years in order to show applicability of these systems. The present study involves removal of organic matter and suspended solids in serially operated horizontal (HFCW) and vertical (VFCW) sub-surface flow constructed wetlands. The pilot-scale wetland was constructed downstream of anaerobic reactors at the campus of TUBITAK-MRC. Anaerobically pretreated wastewater was introduced into this hybrid two-stage sub-surface flow wetland system (TSCW). Wastewater was first introduced into the horizontal sub-surface flow system and then the vertical flow system before being discharged. Recirculation of the effluent was tested in the system. When the recirculation ratio was 100%, average removal efficiencies for TSCW were 91 +/- 4% for COD, 83 +/- 10% for BOD and 96 +/- 3% for suspended solids with average effluent concentrations of 9 +/- 5 mg/L COD, 6 +/- 3 mg/L BOD and 1 mg/L for suspended solids. Comparing non-recirculation and recirculation periods, the lowest effluent concentrations were obtained with a 100% recirculation ratio. The effluent concentrations met the Turkish regulations for discharge limits of COD, BOD and TSS in each case. The study showed that a hybrid constructed wetland system with recirculation is a very effective method of obtaining very low effluent organic matter and suspended solids concentrations downstream of anaerobic pretreatment of domestic wastewaters in small communities.