HPLC-CAD法同时测定元胡止痛胶囊中6种生物碱及香豆素类成分的含量

目的建立HPLC-CAD法同时测定元胡止痛胶囊中延胡索乙素、黄藤素、去氢延胡索甲素、延胡索甲素、欧前胡素及异欧前胡素的含量,为元胡止痛胶囊的质量控制提供参考。方法采用高效液相色谱法联合电雾式检测器(HPLC-CAD法),色谱柱为Diamonsil C_(18)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈(A)-0.05%甲酸铵(甲酸调pH至4.0)(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0~10 min,15%A;10~25 min,15%~30%A;25~40 min,30%~40%A;40~50 min,40%~70%A),柱温35℃,雾化器温度35℃,体积流量0.8 mL·min~(-1),进样量20μL,测定元胡止痛胶囊中6种生物碱及香豆素类成分的含量。结果延胡索乙素、黄藤素、去氢延胡索甲素、延胡索甲素、欧前胡素及异欧前胡素的质量浓度分别在0.040~1.010μg(r=0.9991)、0.013~0.320μg(r=0.9994)、0.068~1.700μg(r=0.9994)、0.041~1.020μg(r=0.9997)、0.101~2.520μg(r=0.9991)、0.039~0.980μg(r=0.9993)内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。延胡索乙素、黄藤素、去氢延胡索甲素、延胡索甲素、欧前胡素及异欧前胡素的平均加样回收率分别为98.5%、98.9%、98.3%、99.4%、98.1%和98.7%,RSD(n=6)分别为0.90%、1.4%、0.70%、1.1%、0.70%和0.90%。结论该方法准确、简便、灵敏度高,可用于元胡止痛胶囊中生物碱和香豆素类多成分的质量控制研究。     

HPLC法同时测定元胡止痛片中3种活性成分的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定元胡止痛片中延胡索乙素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Zorbax Extend-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(三乙胺调pH6.5,梯度洗脱),流速为1mL·min-1,柱温为25℃。结果:延胡索乙素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的检测浓度分别在10.2～51.0、2.5～12.5、2.2～11.0μg·mL-1(均r=0.9999)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;三者加样回收率分别为97.89%、101.77%、99.04%,RSD分别为0.8%、1.4%、1.3%(均n=9)。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于元胡止痛片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定元胡止痛缓释片中欧前胡素和延胡索乙素的含量

目的:建立元胡止痛缓释片中欧前胡素和延胡索乙素的HPLC含量测定方法。方法:采用Dikma Diamonsil C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以0.1%磷酸溶液（用三乙胺调pH至6.0）-甲醇（30:70）为流动相,检测波长为284 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为50℃,同时测定欧前胡素和延胡索乙素的含量。结果:在此色谱条件下,欧前胡素和延胡索乙素的分离度为3.62;延胡索乙素浓度与峰面积在4.64～13.92μg·ml^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为97.16%,RSD=1.35%（n=6）;欧前胡素浓度与峰面积在2.32～6.96μg·ml^-1内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为96.22%,RSD为1.68%（n=6）。结论:本方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,快速简便,可用于元胡止痛缓释片的质量控制。     

一测多评法测定元胡止痛胶囊中欧前胡素、异欧前胡素和延胡索乙素的含量

目的:建立以一测多评法测定元胡止痛胶囊中欧前胡素、异欧前胡素、延胡索乙素含量的方法,并验证此方法在该制剂中应用的可行性和技术适应性。方法:以欧前胡素对照品为内参物,在一定线性范围内,采用高效液相色谱法建立其与异欧前胡素、延胡索乙素的相对校正因子,并用该校正因子进行异欧前胡素、延胡索乙素的含量计算,实现一测多评;同时采用外标法测定元胡止痛胶囊中这3种成分的含量,并比较2种方法测定结果。结果:8批药品中3种成分含量的2种方法测定结果无显著性差异(RSD<5%)。结论:一测多评法控制元胡止痛胶囊的质量快速、准确、可行,且成本低廉。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定元胡止痛片中6种活性成分的含量

目的建立元胡止痛片(醋延胡索、白芷)中延胡索乙素、水合氧化前胡素、白当归素、欧前胡素、8-甲氧基异欧前胡内酯、异欧前胡素的含量测定方法。方法采用Agilent-ODS C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为(A)乙腈-(B)0.12%磷酸水溶液(pH=6.0),梯度洗脱(0～20min,25%A;20～40 min,25%～70%A;40～60 min,70%A);波长273 nm,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温40℃;进样体积15μL。结果延胡索乙素、水合氧化前胡素、白当归素、欧前胡素、8-甲氧基异欧前胡内酯、异欧前胡素进样量分别在测定浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为95.5%、95.9%、92.8%、99.7%、96.7%、95.1%;RSD分别为3.9%、3.2%、3.0%、1.6%、4.2%、2.8%。结论本法结果准确,便于操作,可作为元胡止痛片的质量控制方法。     

元胡止痛片中延胡索乙素和欧前胡素的含量测定

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定元胡止痛片中两种功效成分延胡索乙素和欧前胡素的含量。方法：色谱柱为AKZONOBEL Kromasil 100-5 C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（52∶48）混合后以三乙胺调pH至6.5;流速1.0 ml·min-1;柱温40℃;检测波长284 nm;进样量10μl。结果：延胡索乙素在0.004 2~0.084 0 mg·ml-1范围线性关系良好,r=1.000 0,平均回收率97.72%,RSD为1.10%（n=6）;欧前胡素在0.003 6~0.072 0 mg·ml-1范围线性关系良好,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为97.99%,RSD为0.96%（n=6）。结论：本方法操作简便,准确,可用于完善元胡止痛片的质量标准。     

HPLC法同时测定关节解痛膏中的辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素

目的：建立HPLC测定关节解痛膏中辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的方法。方法：CAPCELL PAK C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）;流速：0.8 ml·min^-1;流动相A：甲醇-乙腈（1∶1）,流动相B：1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长分别为280 nm（辣椒素和二氢辣椒素）和254 nm（欧前胡素和异欧前胡素）。结果：辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素分别在0.298-5.956μg（r=0.999 8）、0.152-3.044μg（r=0.999 6）、0.018-0.352μg（r=0.999 5）、0.010-0.204μg（r=0.999 3）范围内进样量与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为97.8%、97.0%、96.6%、98.1%,RSD分别为1.02%、0.76%、0.65%、1.35%（n=6）。结论：方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可作为关节解痛膏中辣椒素、二氢辣椒素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量控制方法。     

改良高效液相色谱法测定元胡止痛滴丸和胶囊中延胡索乙素含量

目的改良测定元胡止痛滴丸和胶囊中延胡索乙素含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。方法色谱柱为DialmonsilC18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以0.1%磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH至6.0)-乙腈(65∶35)为流动相,流速为1.5 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为30℃。结果滴丸和胶囊样品中延胡索乙素色谱峰达到基线分离,其进样量在0.054 98～0.549 8μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 8),平均回收率分别为97.70%和97.86%,RSD分别为1.09%和1.43%(n=5)。结论改良方法消除了样品中杂质的干扰,方法简便、快速,重复性好,可用于元胡止痛滴丸、胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定金铃子汤中的5个主要活性成分

目的:采用反相高效液相色谱法建立金铃子汤中原阿片碱、黄连碱、巴马汀、延胡索乙素、川楝素含量同时测定的方法。方法:采用Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05%醋酸水溶液(氨水调pH 6.0),梯度洗脱,流速0.8mL·min-1,检测波长230 nm,柱温30℃。结果:原阿片碱、黄连碱、盐酸巴马汀、延胡索乙素、川楝素质量浓度分别在1.76～35.2,1.84～36.8,2.20～44.0,2.24～44.8,8.48～63.6μg·mL-1范围内线性良好(r=0.9998～0.9999);平均回收率(n=6)分别为103.5%,101.2%,102.7%,100.9%,97.1%。结论:本方法简单快捷,测定结果准确,适用于金铃子汤中原阿片碱、黄连碱、巴马汀、延胡索乙素、川楝素的含量测定,可为金铃子汤的质量控制或中药配伍等方面给与全面、客观的评价。     

高效液相色谱法测定元胡止痛贴中延胡索乙素的含量

目的:探索高效液相色谱法测定元胡止痛贴中延胡索乙素的含量测定方法。方法:采用ZorbaxExtendC18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),以乙腈-磷酸缓冲盐溶液(44∶56)为流动相,流速1mL·min-1,检测波长282nm。结果:延胡索乙素的含量线性范围0.507～5.070g(r=0.9998),平均回收率和RSD分别为99.88%和1.74%。结论:该方法结果准确可靠,可用于元胡止痛贴制剂的含量测定。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.