6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂的研制及其毒力测定

[目的]研制6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂制剂。[方法]对泡腾片剂的载体、黏结剂、分散剂进行筛选;采用生长速率法测定优选配方的杀菌活性。[结果]6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂的优选配方为:苯醚甲环唑原药3%,丙环唑原药3%,柠檬酸10%,碳酸氢钠10%,十二烷基苯磺酸钠2%,萘磺酸盐2%,可溶性淀粉6%,无水硫酸钠补充到100%。该泡腾片剂配方符合泡腾片剂的质量标准,其对水稻纹枯病的杀菌活性与30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑水分散粒剂相当。[结论]6%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑泡腾片剂是一个具有市场潜力的优良制剂。     

30％苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑水乳剂的配方研制

[方法]通过对阴离子和非离子表面活性剂复配体系的筛选,确定了30％苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑水乳剂的优惠配方.[结果]优惠配方:苯醚甲环唑15％,丙环唑15％,乳化剂NP-15 3％,乳化剂1601 6％,乳化剂S-20 2％,乳化剂500# 1％,溶剂甲苯15％,去离子水余量.[结论]各项指标均符合水乳剂的要求,具有良好的开发前景.     

20%苯醚甲环唑·烯肟菌胺悬浮剂高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法测定20%苯醚甲环唑·烯肟菌胺悬浮剂中的有效成分含量,外标法定量.采用250 mm×4.6 mm(I.d.)不锈钢柱,内装C18填充物,粒径5 μm;以乙腈-水(体积比70:30)为流动相;流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:236 nm.结果表明:苯醚甲环唑和烯肟菌胺的标准偏差分别为0.075、0.065;变异系数为0.72%、0.62%;平均回收率为98.90%、98.8%.     

苯醚甲环唑对水生生物急性毒性评价

[目的]评价苯醚甲环唑对水生生物的毒性影响。[方法]采用藻类生长抑制试验法、静态水溞类急性活动抑制试验法、半静态水鱼类毒性试验法,分别研究苯醚甲环唑常用剂型对斜生栅藻、大型溞和斑马鱼的急性毒性效应。[结果]10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、20%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、15%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对斜生栅藻生长抑制EC50(72 h)值分别为1.58、1.13、0.353、1.18 mg a.i./L,对大型溞急性活动抑制的EC50(48 h)值分别为4.07×10-2、0.219、0.461、0.717 mg a.i./L,对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50(96 h)值分别为2.64、4.75、0.777、7.05×10-2mg a.i./L。[结论]10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、20%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂、15%苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂、30 g/L苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂对斜生栅藻均为中等毒性,对大型溞的毒性等级依次为剧毒、高毒、高毒、高毒,对斑马鱼的毒性等级依次为中毒、中毒、高毒、剧毒。     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在金银花中的残留消解及安全性评价

[目的]分析苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在小宗作物金银花中残留特性和安全性。[方法]采用气相色谱(配电子捕获检测器)同时检测苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在金银花中残留的分析方法。样品用丙酮-乙酸乙酯(体积比1:6)混合溶剂提取、二氯甲烷萃取,自制玻璃层析柱净化,外标法定量。[结果]苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯在金银花中的定量限均为0.01 mg/kg。在0.01～1.0 mg/kg添加水平下,苯醚甲环唑的回收率为71%～103%,RSD为1%～9%;嘧菌酯的回收率为72%～107%,RSD为4%～8%。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在金银花中的消解均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为4.7～5.2、4.6～4.7 d。[结论]金银花中嘧菌酯的长期膳食摄入风险可以接受,而苯醚甲环唑长期膳食摄入则具有一定的风险。     

7种杀菌剂对水稻立枯病的防治效果

[目的]筛选防治水稻立枯病的有效药剂,从而为防治水稻立枯病提供技术支撑.[方法]将参试的7种杀菌剂在盆栽接种致病菌的条件下,对由镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌引起的水稻立枯病分别进行了防治试验.[结果]参试的7种杀菌剂对南镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌引起的水稻立枯病均具有明确的防治效果,10%苯醚甲环唑WG、10%苯醚甲环唑WG+50%福美双WP、40%福·甲WP、50%多菌灵WP四个处理防效表现较其他处理好,高于80%.各药剂处理对水稻秧苗均有显著的壮秧作用,表现为根系增多、干质量增加.[结论]10%苯醚甲环唑WG、10%苯醚甲环唑WG+50%福美双WP、40%福·甲WP、50%多菌灵WP等4个药剂宜于在水稻立枯病田间防治中进行应用推广.     

12%氟唑菌酰胺·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂高效液相色谱分析

[目的]建立了一种测定12%氟唑·苯醚悬浮剂中有效成分含量的高效液相色谱分析技术。[方法]试验选择C18柱和紫外可变波长检测器,以乙腈-0.1%冰乙酸水溶液(体积比70:30)为流动相,采用外标法对有效成分进行分析定量测定。[结果]氟唑菌酰胺和苯醚甲环唑的标准偏差分别是0.03和0.02,变异系数分别是0.42%和0.40%,平均回收率分别是100.07%和100.48%。[结论]该分析技术的高准确度和精密度使其适用于氟唑菌酰胺·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂的分析检测。     

苯醚甲环唑在梨和土壤中的残留动态与安全性评价

通过田间试验,研究了10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂在梨及土壤中的残留动态.结果表明:苯醚甲环唑在梨中降解速度较快,土壤中相对缓慢,梨中半衰期为5.66～7.27 d,土壤中为10.01-19.69 d;两年试验结果表明:10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂按照施药质量分数167、334 mg/kg,施药3、4次,末次施药距收获间隔14 d,梨中苯醚甲环唑残留量均低于0.2 mg/kg,该药按推荐剂量使用是安全的.     

30%苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑微乳剂高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法分析苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑复配制剂,使C18反相柱和紫外可变波长检测器,以乙腈-水(体积比70:30)为流动相,用外标法对有效成分进行分析和定量.苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑的标准偏差分别为0.11和0.13,变异系数分别为0.73%和0.85%,平均回收率分别为99.2%和99.1%.     

3%苯醚甲环唑保水缓释种子处理剂的研制及对小麦纹枯病的防效

[目的]研制出3%苯醚甲环唑保水缓释种子处理剂。[方法]利用常规方法筛选助剂,通过微区试验测定处理剂对小麦生长安全性及纹枯病的防效。[结果]3%苯醚甲环唑保水缓释种子处理剂配方为3%苯醚甲环唑,10%保水剂,12%NNO,4%PVA-1788,3%白土,1%黄原酸胶,2%碱性玫瑰精,65%白炭黑。微区试验表明200 g处理剂/100kg种子拌种对小麦生长安全;在拔节期和抽穗期,防效分别为65.5%和41.1%,均显著高于3%苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂;增产率高达26.5%。[结论]3%苯醚甲环唑保水缓释种子处理剂拌种对小麦生长安全、防治纹枯病效果较好。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。