浅谈对工业催化剂的设计

工业催化剂广泛的应用到工业当中,对生产周期、产品质量以及产品数量等方面,起到重要的作用,于是对工业催化剂的设计是一项重要的科研任务。本文简单的介绍了催化剂的组分,并从工业催化剂设计要点、工业催化剂的开发过程等两个方面介绍了工业催化剂的设计,以及从催化剂活性组分的设计、助催化剂的设计、催化剂载体的设计等三个方面阐述了催化剂组分的设计。     

浅谈对工业催化剂的设计

工业催化剂广泛的应用到工业当中,对生产周期、产品质量以及产品数量等方面,起到重要的作用,于是对工业催化剂的设计是一项重要的科研任务。本文简单的介绍了催化剂的组分,并从工业催化剂设计要点、工业催化剂的开发过程等两个方面介绍了工业催化剂的设计,以及从催化剂活性组分的设计、助催化剂的设计、催化剂载体的设计等三个方面阐述了催化剂组分的设计。     

酯化反应催化剂研究新进展

传统的酯化反应催化剂如浓硫酸、磷酸、对甲苯磺酸虽然具有较高的催化活性,价廉易得,但存在副反应多、对设备腐蚀严重、能耗大、反应废液处理复杂等缺点。因此,寻找可代替传统催化剂的新型酯化催化剂势在必行。介绍了近年来酯化反应中催化剂研究的进展情况,对相转移催化剂、室温离子液体催化剂、无机盐催化剂、树脂类催化剂、分子筛催化剂、杂多酸催化剂、固体超强酸催化剂等不同催化剂的特点进行了总结,比较了各类催化剂使用过程中的优缺点。提出了酯化反应催化剂未来的研究方向,主要在于开发高效环保型绿色催化剂。     

镍基催化剂的研究进展

镍基催化剂是一种由多孔结构的镍铝合金的细小晶粒组成的固态异相催化剂。镍基催化剂因具有机械强度高、催化活性好、制备简单、价格低廉等优点,被广泛地应用到石油、化工、制药、油脂、香料、双氧水、合成纤维等方面的加氢、脱氢、脱卤、脱硫等转化反应过程中。随着催化工业的逐步发展,对催化剂性能的要求也越来越高,原始的镍基催化剂利用率低、抗酸性差等缺点限制了该催化材料的进一步应用。因此,近年来,许多研究者一直在尝试对镍基催化剂进行改性,以改善其使用寿命、催化活性、抗酸性等性能。着重介绍了镍基催化剂的强化措施以及镍基催化剂的应用,并对镍基催化剂在各类催化反应中的应用情况进行了详细概述,在此基础上展望了镍基催化剂的未来发展。     

费托合成催化剂的研究进展

介绍了费托合成的研究现状,分析了费托合成催化剂的组成,重点评述了恬性组分、载体、助剂等因素在催化剂制备过程中对催化剂的活性、选择性等方面的影响,并对费托合成催化剂研究领域存在的问题进行了探讨。     

均苯四甲酸二酐催化剂制备的研究进展

对气相氧化制备负载型均苯四甲酸二酐催化剂进行了综述,介绍了催化剂载体、助催化剂组分、均苯四甲酸二酐催化剂等制备过程中的研究进展,为开发新型、高效、廉价的均苯四甲酸二酐催化剂提供了借鉴。     

富氢气体中CO优先氧化催化剂研究进展

介绍了富氢气体中CO优先氧化贵金属与非贵金属催化剂的研究进展,包括Pt催化剂、Au催化剂和Cu催化剂等,综述了载体、助剂、预处理和制备方法等对优先氧化性能的影响,重点评述改善Pt催化剂低温活性的方法.     

两型甲醇催化剂在煤制甲醇装置上的应用对比

介绍了国家能源集团宁夏煤业甲醇分公司60万t/a甲醇合成装置5炉催化剂的使用概况,重点介绍了最近2炉催化剂的使用效果和存在问题。从催化剂物化性能、工业操作条件、还原过程、运行数据等方面,对近期使用的国外催化剂B和国产C307型催化剂进行了对比,对催化剂使用过程中出现的问题进行了分析,并对C307型催化剂进行了运行工况的优化调整,使C307型催化剂在该装置上达到了令人满意的使用效果,同时指出国产甲醇合成催化剂需要在运行经济性、能耗、使用寿命、稳定性等方面进一步提高和改善。     

二甲苯异构PX催化剂生产简介 ——异构PX催化剂铂生命周期成长

介绍了对二甲苯异构催化剂的制备原理,分析了分子筛含量、氧化铝含量、沸石的硅铝比、沸石的交换度、金属功能等对催化剂反应性能的影响。简述C■异构化催化剂生产工艺和催化剂制备注意事项,并对异构化催化剂国产研究提出了建议。     

加氢精制催化剂活性影响因素的研究进展

介绍了载体、助剂和催化剂的制备方法等因素对催化剂活性的影响,尤其是浸渍法的制备条件包括浸渍顺序、浸渍液浓度、浸渍液初始pH值等因素对催化剂活性的影响,为开发高活性的加氢精制催化剂提供了重要的信息.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。