蒸汽冷却带肋矩形通道流动和换热特性数值研究

为了阐明蒸汽冷却带肋矩形通道的换热增强机理,基于三维RANS方程和标准k-ω湍流模型,数值模拟了带肋矩形通道的流场和换热特性,研究了雷诺数、入口宽高比和肋间距对流动和换热特性的影响,进一步分析了努塞尔数与雷诺数、入口宽高比、肋间距之间的关系,由此得出带肋矩形通道的传热关联式。结果表明:肋片的存在破坏了较厚的换热边界层,增强了换热性能。雷诺数增大,平均努塞尔数、综合换热因子均增大,阻力系数小幅上升;宽高比增大,平均努塞尔数、综合换热因子均增大,阻力系数大幅上升;肋间距增大,平均努塞尔数增加,阻力系数先增后减,综合换热因子先减后增。所得传热关联式可为先进燃机蒸汽冷却叶片的设计提供参考。     

基于响应曲面法的新型换热管结构优化

为了对新型换热管的传热与流动性能进行优化分析,采用数值模拟和响应曲面法相结合的方法,以努塞尔数、阻力系数为响应,以换热管结构参数和流体速度为影响因子进行优化设计,确定最优的结构参数和流体的最佳入口速度。结果表明,多元回归模型可以准确地表示响应与因子之间的关系,因子显著性排序为线性项平方项交互项,单因子中速度和凸棱高度对响应努塞尔数和阻力系数的显著性最高。针对换热管优化设计得出交叉螺纹头数、凸棱高度、螺距、速度的最佳组合参数分别为6、0.56 mm、30 mm、15.856 m/s,其对应的努塞尔数和阻力系数分别为2 137.78、0.055 794,该组合可为再热器设计提供理论指导。     

支撑剂铺置模式及其对水力裂缝导流能力的影响规律

为确定支撑剂铺置模式对水力裂缝导流能力的影响规律,通过对加砂和返排过程中支撑剂颗粒的定性受力分析,研究了支撑剂在水力裂缝内的铺置模式,在此基础上建立了支撑剂颗粒数目以及裂缝导流能力的理论计算模型,定量地把支撑剂铺置模式和裂缝导流能力关联起来.结果表明:支撑剂在裂缝内的铺置过程为通过受迫流动形成的两阶段非自然堆积过程,包括支撑剂颗粒被高黏度携砂液高速携带进裂缝内部的无序随机渐次堆积以及在工作液反向携带和裂缝有效闭合压力共同作用下的有序紧密压实堆积.根据最大填充率能量原理和颗粒堆积稳定性原理,经过两阶段的非自然堆积过程后,支撑剂颗粒的配位数会越来越大,颗粒体系的填充率会越来越大,颗粒之间的孔隙体积会越来越小,直至达到最稳定的六方密堆积或立方密堆积或二者的混合模式.六方密堆积模式和立方密堆积模式所对应的裂缝导流能力基本相当,但远低于正方体堆积模式.在实际压裂施工过程中,即便支撑剂颗粒体系可能达不到也会趋近这两种紧密堆积模式,最终的裂缝导流能力仍然会远小于立方体堆积模式.本文的理论模型以及研究结论可为水力压裂设计提供分析工具和理论依据.     

基于多相流模型的腔体内纳米流体自然对流换热数值模拟

运用多相流混合模型和单相流模型模拟了纳米流体在封闭腔体内的自然对流换热特性,将模拟结果与相应的实验值进行对比,分析了瑞利数、格拉晓夫数和纳米颗粒体积分数等物理量与努塞尔数的关系;同时,对比分析了纳米流体和纯水在水平与垂直中心截面的速度分布,以及封闭腔体内流体的温度场及流场.结果表明:基于N-S方程的单相流模型所得努塞尔数变化曲线与水的努塞尔数曲线较吻合,但不能反应纳米流体的换热特性;而基于多相流混合模型所得努塞尔数变化曲线与相应的实验结果较吻合;纳米颗粒的添加能够显著增强封闭腔体内的流体运动,有利于强化封闭腔体内流体的能量传输,起到了对流换热作用.     

自然对流对螺旋管内湍流对流换热影响

采用控制容积有限元法对有自然对流影响的螺旋管内三维湍流对流换热问题进行了数值分析研究.螺旋管内湍流对流换热利用RNGκ-ε湍流模型进行模拟,近壁处湍流利用非平衡壁面函数法处理.数值迭代计算过程中,利用SIMPLEC算法求解速度与压力的耦合.数值计算详细揭示了螺旋管进口段内湍流混合对流换热的发展过程以及自然对流对传热努塞尔数的影响.     

多孔介质方腔内自然对流影响因素数值模拟

为研究封闭方腔内饱和多孔介质自然对流传热,采用控制体积法,运用多孔介质局部热平衡假设,整体求解方腔内的温度场和流场,根据计算结果着重分析瑞利数Ra和达西数Da对多孔介质方腔内自然对流换热特性的影响.计算结果表明:当Ra取定值,壁面平均努塞尔数Nu随Da数的增加而增大;当Da数取定值,壁面平均努塞尔数Nu随Ra的增加而增大;随着达西数Da数的增加,临界瑞利数Ra逐渐减小.     

带扰流柱阵的双层壁间隙冲击传热特性

数值模拟研究了带扰流柱阵的双层壁结构间隙靶面、冲击面以及不同位置扰流柱面努塞尔数详细分布,分析了各个表面努塞尔数平均值随冲击雷诺数的变化规律以及不同位置扰流柱面换热特性差别。结果表明,靶面努赛尔数的第二峰值大于滞止点处的努赛尔数。冲击面展向平均努赛尔数最大值位于靠近冲击孔的第2排和第4排扰流柱处。在5排扰流柱中,与冲击孔处于同一排(第3排)的扰流柱面平均努塞尔数最大,表现为翻卷汇流传热特性;第2排和第4排扰流柱面平均努塞尔数次之,表现为翻卷绕流传热特性。远离冲击孔的第1排和第5排扰流柱面平均努塞尔数最小,表现为绕流传热特性。冲击雷诺数从1×10⁴增加到6×10⁴,第3排扰流柱面和第2、4排扰流柱面以及第1、5排扰流柱面努塞尔数增幅分别为306%、325%和360%。     

绕椭圆柱管束的流动与传热特性

椭圆柱管束换热器在工业领域中得到广泛的应用。采用一种简单合理的自由表面模型深入研究了流体绕流椭圆柱管束的流动与传热问题。通过适体坐标转换方法在非规则流道截面上求解出动量与热量传递控制方程,获得了等壁温条件下的流道内的阻力系数和努塞尔数等准则数,并且和文献值进行了对比。文献值和模拟值之间的最大绝对误差小于3.5%,表明所建立的数学模型是正确的。利用所建立的数学模型分析了流动方向、椭圆柱横截面形状、管束结构参数以及壁面边界条件对绕流椭圆柱管束的流动与传热特性的影响。获得了等壁温和等热流密度条件下的阻力系数和平均努塞尔数。这些准则数为椭圆柱管束的设计和优化提供理论指导。     

周期性环肋通道内的流动和换热

用非稳态数学模型对包含入口段的带肋环形通道内的流动和换热进行了数值模拟.在肋片参数Sp/D=0.187 5、Sp/D=1.125,雷诺数在400～800范围内,流动和换热都出现了自维持振荡特性,且入口段后,各几何周期的速度场、无因次过余温度场基本相同,随时间的变化规律也基本相同.肋片高度增加,平均努塞尔数和摩擦阻力系数增加.肋片间距增大,对摩擦阻力系数影响较小,对努塞尔数影响较大.雷诺数增大,努塞尔数增大,阻力系数减小.     

三维球形堆积床内湍动特性的数值模拟

采用离散元软件LIGGGHTS重现球形堆积床的重力堆积过程,建立了球形堆积床的三维随机结构模型,同时构建了顺排结构和插排结构两种有序堆积模型与之对比. 采用CFD软件Fluent14.0对三种结构堆积床内的湍流流动进行了数值模拟研究.通过宏观阻力系数和压强降的分析,验证了随机模型的有效性,并讨论了球形堆积床随机结构内速度场特性和湍流参数的变化规律.结果表明:与经典的Ergun公式相比,随机模型的宏观阻力系数和压强降的整体误差低于6%;与有序堆积床相比,随机堆积模型具有流体速度场均匀性好、尾旋尺寸大、扰动强烈及瞬时耗散率极值高等特点.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.