基于FLUENT的埋地含蜡原油管道停输过程模拟

针对含蜡原油管道停输后的温降过程,建立埋地热油管道及其周围土壤的物理模型和数学模型,并对求解区域的边界条件进行设置。针对原油温降过程中的析蜡潜热,转换为附加比热容进行处理。利用Fluent软件模拟管道停输后管道及其周围土壤温度场的分布,以及管内原油自然对流的变化情况。     

埋地热油管道停输温降规律研究

热油管道计划检修和事故抢修都在管道停输情况下进行,管道停输后,管内存油温度不断下降,存油粘度随油温下降而增大,当粘度增大到一定值后,就会给管道输送再启动带来极大困难,甚至会造成凝管事故。为了确保安全经济的输油,必须研究停输后管内原油的温降情况,以确定安全停输时间。本文分析了埋地含蜡原油管道停输后管内原油温降规律,在前人研究的基础上,对埋地含蜡原油管道停输温降过程进行了合理的简化,建立了相应的数学模型。在此基础上,运用计算程序,对中洛线卫辉-新乡段管道稳态运行及停输不同时间时,管道不同横截面上原油与土壤温度变化情况进行了模拟计算,从不同角度对计算结果进行了分析。     

原油管道停输温降模拟研究

原油在管道输送的过程中不可避免会出现停输现象。针对原油管道停输再启动存在的技术难题。以热力水力分析为基础,应用仿真模拟的方法利用Pipeline Studio(TLNET)软件模拟管道停输温降过程。以庆哈管道为例,模拟管道停输温降过程,根据模拟结果绘制了三维温降图,以原油凝固点以上3℃为判据确定了安全停输时间。最终确定庆哈输油管道冬季安全停输时间为24 h,为管道安全运行提供了可靠的理论依据。     

水分迁移冰水相变对冻土区埋地热油管道停输温降影响的研究

建立冻土区埋地热油管道停输过程水力、热力数学模型,并进行数值计算,考虑了土壤水分迁移、冰水相变及原油凝固潜热、自然对流换热对停输过程管内原油温降的影响,得到了停输期间土壤温度场分布。通过与不考虑水分迁移、冰水相变的停输温降进行对比。研究表明：受水分迁移、冰水相变的影响,管道周围土壤温度等值线向管道两侧移动范围较大,土壤平均温度与不考虑水分时相比偏高,在停输过程中管内原油温降速率小于不考虑水分时的情况,受土壤中水分的影响,停输过程管道周围土壤等温线延Y轴略向下偏移。     

基于焓温法的石克管线停输温降三维数值模拟

埋地热油管道停输温降三维数学模型是基于有限容积理论与焓温法所建立。针对新疆油田石克D377管线不同工况下的停输温降过程进行了三维数值模拟,得到了不同时刻沿线不同位置的管内原油及土壤温度场分布云图。一方面,分析了不同出站油温对进站温度及停输时间的影响;另一方面,给出了最冷月最低输量运行时的最优出站温度。通过分析计算,该数据能够为管道停输再启动方案的制定及管道优化运行提供理论依据。     

埋地输油管道散热模型研究

埋地热含蜡原油管道的运行中涉及若干复杂的非稳态传热问题。从管内原油传热和管道与外部环境的传热两方面,分析和总结了含蜡原油管道非稳态传热问题的研究现状,介绍了管道在土壤中传热的影响因素,阐述了管道停输状态下管内含蜡原油相变传热的规律及研究方法,建立原油集输系统保温管道散热的数学模型,为评价保温管道状况和界定保温效果衰退程度提供科学的依据。     

基于宽相变分区的含蜡原油三管伴热系统停输传热特性分析

采用含蜡原油宽相界面法,建立了大气、土壤、伴热介质及管道原油多场耦合作用下的埋地三管伴热系统停输二维非稳态传热模型,根据主管道内原油相态变化特点,分区开展原油相变传热描述.利用有限容积法开展三管伴热系统下原油相变传热数值模拟,研究了伴热工况下原油及伴热介质平均温降规律、原油温度场变化规律及凝油层演化过程,进一步分析了有无伴热工况对安全停输时间的影响.     

长输管道停输再启动研究及应用

某长输管道全长约200km,全线采用加热密闭输送方式,其主要任务是向某炼油厂输送原油。由于该炼油厂装置需定期进行检修(每3-5年/次),为此该长输管道需要停输50天左右,这对该长输管道安全运行提出了更高的要求。在长输管道停输过程中存在原油管道凝管的安全隐患,一方面来自管道的长时间停输后管道内原油温度,另一方面来自管道外部的土壤温度,这两方面问题都会对管道能否再次启运并安全运行造成威胁。因此,研究该长输管道所输送原油的特性、各站场间输送原油的温降情况、炼油厂检修期间长输管道的运行方式,长时间停输后再启动方式等,对于指导管道停输再启动及日常安全运行具有重要意义。     

原油管道安全停输时间影响因素分析

我国原油管道近几十年发展迅速,有些管道已经进入发展中后期,管道发生事故的概率上升。原油管道不可避免发生停输,安全停输时间是再启动的关键参数,对于管道的安全运行至关重要。根据输油管道温降公式,利用迭代法求解公式,并编制了应用软件。研究发现,安全停输时间不是一个定值,它随管道输量、出站温度、自然地温和原油比热容的增加而增加,随总传热系数的增加而降低。当管道周围参数发生变化时,需要密切关注安全停输时间,研究结果可以为原油管道的安全运行提供指导。     

停输再启动压力计算研究进展

含蜡原油作为一种特殊流体,当温度低至反常点以下时会表现出屈服特性等复杂的流变性。胶凝原油的可压缩性将会导致在屈服过程中存在较为明显的屈服面移动现象,这为工业中原油停输再启动的过程带来严峻考验。通过阅读国内外文献,了解目前学术界对含蜡原油停输再启动压力计算模型研究的进展,对比分析目前研究工作中存在的短板,展望未来对含蜡原油停输再启动压力计算的研究方向。     

DSC热分析法研究集油管线淤积物的熔蜡特性

以大庆萨北油田高浓度聚合物驱开发区块为研究对象,针对集油管线结蜡严重影响井口回压,为此研究管线淤积物的熔蜡热性。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对该区块油田井口到计量间的集油管线的淤积物的熔蜡特性进行分析。分别对水驱管线淤积物和聚驱管线淤积物进行热分析并得到熔蜡过程的热谱图。通过分析比较水驱和聚驱管线淤积物的熔蜡点、熔蜡高峰点、熔蜡热焓等特性参数。根据热谱图得到聚驱管线淤积物的熔蜡点及熔蜡峰温比水驱管线淤积物的熔蜡点及熔蜡峰温高将近40℃,聚驱管线淤积物熔蜡热焓是水驱管线淤积物熔蜡热焓的2~3倍。说明聚驱管线淤积物较水驱管线淤积物更难熔化,所需熔化温度更高、热量更多,也为管线热力清蜡所需的熔蜡点提供理论依据。     

A fundamental wax deposition model for water‐in‐oil dispersed flows in subsea pipelines

Water‐in‐oil dispersions frequently form in subsea oil pipeline transportation and their presence affects the wax deposition rate in subsea pipelines. A fundamental model for wax deposition on the wall of water‐in‐oil dispersed phase flow pipelines has not been developed. Dispersed water droplets can affect the heat and mass transfer characteristics of wax deposition and alter the deposit growth rate. In this study, wax deposition from water‐in‐oil dispersed flows is comprehensively modeled using first principles of heat and mass transfer. The role of the dispersed water phase on the heat and mass transfer aspects of wax deposition is analyzed. The developed model predicts different effects of the water volume fraction and droplet size on the wax deposition rates in laboratory flow loop experiments and in field scale wax deposition processes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 4201–4213, 2017     

冻土区同沟敷设管道水热耦合数值模拟

土壤作为一种典型的多孔介质,其内部流体的流动与相变过程复杂,常采用有限体积法作为理论研究方法。取西部成品油、原油管道玉门出站口作为研究对象,地表温度变化采用周期性边界条件,考虑土壤发生冰水相变时释放的相变潜热。模拟结果表明,管壁热流密度随环境温度周期性变化,土壤中的水分向冻结前锋进行迁移,无保温层的管道比有保温层的冻土融化范围大,融化深度深。     

Modelling wax deposition of diesel in sequential transportation of product oil pipeline using optimized back propagation neural network

Contamination of gasoline by wax deposit of diesel is a severe problem in sequential transportation of product oil pipelines in cold areas. However, most works on wax deposition are focused on crude oil. In response, this paper aims to investigate wax deposition from a unique perspective of diesel oil in sequential transportation. To this end, a cold finger apparatus was designed and constructed. It is found that the wax deposition rate of diesel oil increases with oil temperature and wax content, and decreases with cold finger temperature. A non-monotonic variation trend is observed against shear stress. To predict diesel wax deposition rate, a back propagation (BP) neural network optimized by bald eagle search (BES) algorithm is proposed. Grey relational analysis (GRA) is employed to get the highly relevant factors as input parameters of the developed model. Prediction accuracy and generalization ability of the BES-BP model is experimentally verified. This work will be helpful to schedule the transportation program of product oil to avoid contamination of gasoline by diesel wax deposit.     

不同加热温度和降温速率对含蜡原油析蜡点的影响

利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对原油的析蜡特性进行分析,并得到了析蜡过程的热谱图和dh/d T-T曲线。以大庆原油为研究对象,对dh/d T-T曲线进行分析,探讨了加热理温度、温降速率对析蜡点的影响。结果表明:加热温度高于溶蜡点温度时,析蜡点随温变化小;加热温度低于溶蜡点温度,析蜡点随温度的降低先增大后减小。温降速率越大,析蜡点越低。     

基于ANSYS软件的热油管路保温的数值模拟

应用ANSYS软件对埋地热油管道沿径向温度进行了数值模拟,得到了不同保温层厚度时管道径向温度及热流量的变化。分析了含蜡层的径向温度变化,随着保温层厚度的增加,保温层内部温降变化减小,管道向外传递的热流密度逐渐减小,保温效果更好。热流量减小的速度随着保温层厚度的增加变得缓慢,模拟结果与编制计算机程序计算结果相吻合。     

Investigating the gelling behaviour of ‘waxy' paraffinic mixtures during flow shutdown

The flow of waxy or paraffinic crude oils in a pipeline could be shutdown for a variety of reasons, resulting in their cooling and subsequent gelling. Gel formation from a multicomponent wax-solvent mixture during flow shutdown was investigated experimentally and analyzed with a transient heat-transfer model based on the moving boundary problem formulation. The gelling experiments were performed with a 0.10 g/g wax-solvent mixture in a flow-loop apparatus, following the formation of a steady-state deposit layer in turbulent flow regime, at two initial wax-solvent mixture temperatures, with a constant coolant temperature, and for different shutdown times. The gel formation was found to be a fast process, which continued until the gel fully occupied the deposition tube. Gas chromatographic analyses of the deposit samples (under sheared cooling) and the gel samples (under static cooling during flow shutdown) indicated significant differences in the composition and the total wax content. The deposit samples showed an enrichment of heavier paraffins, whereas the composition of gel samples was comparable to that of the original wax-solvent mixture. The predictions from the transient model showed that a lower initial oil temperature, a lower coolant temperature, and a smaller pipe diameter would result in a faster blockage of the pipe. The predictions from the moving boundary problem formulation agreed well with the flow shutdown data, which further confirmed that the solid and gel formation from wax-solvent mixtures is modelled satisfactorily as a heat transfer process.     

热油管道结蜡厚度与经济清管周期计算

对热油管道来说,结蜡到一定厚度时,易造成清管过程中蜡堵事故的发生。另外,结蜡还对热油管道的经济运行存在两方面的影响,即增加动力费用和降低热力费用。因此合理预测热油管道的结蜡厚度和经济清管周期尤为重要。介绍了一种普适性结蜡模型和经济清管周期计算模型,在此基础上以日均运行费用最低为目标,开发了热油管道结蜡厚度与经济清管周期预测程序,并以铁岭—新民段管线为例计算说明。指出了该程序的不足和今后研究方向。     

A fundamental model of wax deposition in subsea oil pipelines

Wax deposition in subsea pipelines is a significant economic issue in the petroleum industry. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the increase in both the deposit thickness and the wax fraction of the deposit using a fundamental analysis of the heat and mass transfer for laminar and turbulent flow conditions. It was found that the precipitation of wax in the oil is a competing phenomenon with deposition. Two existing approaches consider either no precipitation (the independent heat and mass transfer model) or instantaneous precipitation (the solubility model) and result in either an overprediction or an underprediction of deposit thickness. By accounting for the kinetics of wax precipitation of wax in the oil (the kinetic model), accurate predictions for wax deposition for both lab‐scale and pilot‐scale flow‐loop experiments with three different oils were achieved. Furthermore, this kinetic model for wax precipitation in the oil was used to compare field‐scale deposition predictions for different oils. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011