常压开放水热法制备莫来石复相纳米晶体

以天然高岭土为原料,先经氧化-还原精细化工艺,制备高岭土精矿粉.精矿粉(Si与Al的摩尔比为5∶4)在1 050～1 100℃后煅烧得到莫来石.最后采用常压、开放水热晶化法,NaOH溶液浓度为4.0mol/L,在0～80℃升温1 h,达到80℃后恒温2h,制备出粒径尺寸在80～100nm,颗粒均匀、分散性好、耐高温的莫来石复相纳米晶体.     

反相微乳法制备羟基磷灰石纳米晶体

采用反相微乳法制备羟基磷灰石纳米晶体,以正己烷为有机相、水为水相、CTAB与正己醇为乳化剂和助乳化剂,通过三元体系三相图优化各组分的比例。CaCl_2与Na_2HPO_4为反应物,通过电导率确定反应物的浓度。并对所制备样品的钙含量、制剂学性质和体外释放行为进行考察。结果表明采用反相微乳法制备羟基磷灰石纳米晶体工艺可行,m(有机相)∶m(乳化剂相)=1∶1,m(CTAB)∶m(正己醇)=1∶2。0.12 mol/L的Na_2HPO_4与同体积0.2 mol/L的CaCl_2反应,所制备样品为羟基磷灰石纳米晶体,样品粒径较小,并具有较好的制剂学性质和体外释放行为。     

粉煤灰碱熔-水热法制备P型分子筛的研究

P型分子筛在洗涤剂工业、石化工业、医药和环保工业等领域具有广泛的应用.为了探究粉煤灰制备P型分子筛过程中原料及产物的物相变化规律,用X射线多晶衍射仪(XRD)对粉煤灰、碱融产物及不同工艺参数条件下水热法合成出的产物进行了物相分析.XRD分析结果表明,在m(粉煤灰)∶m(碳酸钠)=1∶1.1、800℃煅烧2h的条件下,能充分活化粉煤灰中的莫来石、石英等惰性相,得到高化学活性前驱粉体,其主要成分为NaAlSiO4.在合成体系的n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=3.5、n(H2O)/n(Na2O) =45、n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.3、无老化步骤、在95℃水热晶化时间为9h的条件下,获得的产物是纯净的P型分子筛.该法消耗了粉煤灰,实现了废物的资源化利用,同时获得了高附加值的产物P型分子筛.     

液相逆流沉淀法制备纳米硫化锌

研究了以硫化钠和氧化锌为主要原料,结合多级逆流沉淀和超声波振荡预分散制备纳米硫化锌粒子的方法。实验获得单级沉淀的适宜条件为:反应前超声波振荡氧化锌预分散时间为15 min,Na2S浓度为0.6 mol/L,反应温度为85～90℃,n(Na2S)/n(ZnO)=1.3:1,反应时间为150 min,n(NaOH)/n(ZnO)=10:1。经三级逆流沉淀所得纳米的ZnS晶型良好,晶粒尺寸约为55 nm,纯度在97%以上。     

基于碱融活化的高岭土水热法制备干燥剂NaP分子筛

研究了含有石英成分的高岭土的活化方法,并采用水热法制备了干燥剂NaP分子筛.研究了碳酸钠对高岭土的活化效果、不同水热反应条件对NaP分子筛吸水率的影响,得到该高岭土的活化条件为:m(高岭土):m(碳酸钠)=1:1、在750℃下煅烧2 h;制备NaP分子筛的优化条件为:n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=4.0、n(Na2 O)/n(SiO2)=1.4、n(H2O)/n(Na2 O)=40、93℃下晶化8 h.     

Al2O3/Y-TZP复相陶瓷的力学性能及耐磨性

通过常压烧结制备了Al2O3/Y-TZP复相陶瓷,研究了Al2O3含量对材料力学性能及耐磨性的影响。体积分数为35%Al2O3的Al2O3/Y-TZP复相陶瓷具有相对高的韧性(12.5MPa·m1/2)和较低的磨损率(9.2×10-6mm3/(m·N))。     

以伊利石合成4A分子筛的实验研究

在常压下将伊利石进行高温焙烧处理。经过对原料的焙烧处理、水热合成实验,合成了4A沸石分子筛。焙烧实验确定了优化焙烧参数:m(伊利石)∶m(碳酸钠)=1∶1,焙烧温度850℃,伊利石粒度75μm,保温时间为90min。采用正交设计法确定了水热法合成的优化工艺参数:n(H2O)/n(M2O)=50,n(M2O)/n(SiO2)=1.4(M为Na,K),晶化时间4h,晶种加入量占水体积分数8%。合成沸石纯度较高,吸附量达到国家化学工业产品标准。     

偏高岭石-碱-硅酸钠水热反应体系13X分子筛的合成

以煤系高岭石为主要原料,经破碎、粉磨、煅烧、水热处理等工艺,在偏高岭石-碱-硅酸钠水热反应体系中合成了13X分子筛.扫描电镜分析表明:产物晶形完整、粒度为1μm左右且分布均匀.用X射线衍射测试方法研究混合物的硅铝的摩尔比[n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)]、钠硅的摩尔比[n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)]、水钠的摩尔比[n(H2O)/n(Na2O)]以及陈化时间对13X分子筛合成的影响.研究表明:该水热反应体系的最佳配比为n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3);高于13X分子筛中自身的n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=2.5.反应适宜的碱度条件为:n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.9,n(H2O)/n(Na2O)=40,碱度过高或过低均会出现P型分子筛杂相.陈化过程在13X分子筛的合成过程中不可缺少,其适宜的陈化时间为24h.该水热反应过程遵循分子筛的液相转化机理.     

油页岩渣制备洗涤助剂4A分子筛的工艺条件和性能研究

以油页岩渣为原料,采用水热合成法制得4A分子筛.重点考察了n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)比、n(H2O)/n(Na2O)比、晶化时间、晶化温度对分子筛Ca2+交换量的影响.适宜的合成条件为:n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=2.5,n(H2O)/n(Na2O) =50,晶化时间18 h,晶化温度90℃.并用XRD、SEM测试手段对合成的分子筛的晶体结构、表面形貌等进行了表征,结果表明,制备的样品为4A型分子筛结构,属于立方形晶型.     

高铝粉煤灰脱硅液与煤矸石制备13X分子筛的工艺研究

以13X分子筛的低成本制备与煤基固废协同利用为目标,利用煤矸石与高铝粉煤灰碱法提铝过程中副产的脱硅液为原料,通过水热反应制备了13X分子筛,实现了两种固废资源的协同利用.考察了水热反应体系水钠比、硅铝比、晶化温度、搅拌速率等因素对合成产物晶型和比表面积的影响规律.通过X射线衍射、红外光谱和扫描电镜等方法对产物结构和形貌的演化过程进行了表征分析.结果表明,在优化工艺为n(SiO2/Al2O3)=3.0,n(Na2O/SiO2)=1.9,n(H2O/Na2O)=60,室温下老化24 h,100 r·min-1下于95 ℃水热晶化8 h制备的13X分子筛比表面积为681.7 m2·g-1,相对结晶度94.59%.通过对水热反应过程分析,13X分子筛合成过程前期主要为煤矸石与脱硅液反应形成无定型凝胶,后期为凝胶相溶解和分子筛晶体的生长.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。