浅析我国药学人力资源的发展

目的 :探讨促进我国药学人力资源发展的有效措施。方法 :综合有关文献 ,经归纳整理 ,分成现状与问题 ,原因分析 ,对策与建议三个问题加以讨论。结果 :目前我国药学人力资源状况薄弱 ,不能满足需求 ,数量少 ,结构不合理。结论 :通过扩大我国药学教育规模 ,改革学校药学教育模式 ,积极开展继续药学教育 ,完善执业药师制度可以有效促进我国药学人力资源的发展。     

构建校院合作的临床药学人才培养模式

医院药学部门储备了大量人力资源,积累了丰富的临床药学实践经验,参与高等临床药学教育是医院药学部门的重要职责.在高等药学院校与医院药学部门之间建立校院合作的临床药学人才培养模式,有利于发展高等临床药学教育,培养优秀的临床药师,促进临床药学健康快速发展.     

国外跨专业教育对我国药学教育的启示

目的 探索提升我国药学教育质量的策略与途径.方法 分析跨专业教育的发展、认证等状况,探讨我国药学教育存在的问题及对策.结果与结论 跨专业教育模式对提升我国药学教育有很大启示,我国应吸收其精髓,提出提升药学教育的具体对策.     

我院药学人力资源管理中存在的问题及对策

目的 分析医院药学人力资源管理中存在的问题,提出相应的对策.方法 针对医院药学队伍的现状,分析问题,查找原因,提出对策.结果 完善按职上岗的药学管理模式,抓好药学人才开发工作,加强药学人员的管理工作.结论 通过查找问题,采取对策,药学人力资源问题得到一定程度的解决,取得满意结果.     

美国药学专业研究生创新培养体系现状及启示

分析美国药学专业研究生教育的创新培养体系,探讨美国药学教育在全球领先的内在因素,对我国药学研究生创新能力培养现状存在的问题进行分析,借鉴美国药学研究生教育的成功经验,提出提高我国药学研究生创新能力培养的对策.     

规范培养现代医院药师推进医院药学的发展

随着社会的不断发展和进步,医院药学的工作重点也在不断地转变,以走向临床、服务患者为宗旨,安全、有效、经济、合理用药为目的的全程化药学服务模式已成为新世纪医院药学发展的主要方向[1,2].当前我国的医院药学工作现状、药师的知识结构、药学教育、医疗机构的"重医轻药"状况以及从功能定位、岗位设置、人力资源配备、科研与工作重点等,与现代医院药学发展的要求存在很大的偏差,难以胜任现代医院药学发展的要求.因此,根据医院药学部门的人员现状,在引进人才的基础上,对在职人员,制定规范培养的方法,以促进医院药学的发展.现将我院情况介绍如下.     

美国、日本临床药学教育发展对我国的启示

目的：通过借鉴美国、日本临床药学人才培养模式,加快我国临床药学教育发展。方法：介绍美国、日本临床药学教育发展历程与取得成绩,分析我国临床药学教育发展中存在的问题．加快完善临床药学的学科设置和管理制度。结果：目前Pharm.D项目已成为美国药学院校的核心教育体系,日本也着手实施新的6年制药学教育．临床药学教育已成为国际药学教育的发展趋势。结论：我国应顺应时代发展要求．加快发展临床药学教育．促进药学学科发展。     

开展社会药房药学教育的必要性及培养模式探讨

针对我国社会药房药学服务水平及药学教育现状,指出我国目前药学教育模式存在知识结构缺陷,导致社会药房执业药师数量与素质不能满足社会需求.借鉴国外药学教育改革方式,指出应加强社会药房工作所需知识与能力的培养,在现有的药学专业中设置社会药房方向,开展社会药房药学教育,并就培养模式进行了探讨.     

对我国药学教育模式的再认识与思考

该文结合我国国情和社会发展的实际情况,对比国外药学教学成功与失败的案例,分析我国药学教育模式存在的问题,提出了改革我国药学教育模式的思考.     

论加强药学生的责任意识教育

药学学生作为我国药学事业的继承者与发展者,能否树立强烈而牢固的责任感,不仅关系药学学生自身理想信念的确立,也与我国医药卫生事业的发展和人民的身体健康休戚相关.分析药学学生责任意识存在问题的表现及成因,强调药学学生责任意识教育的重要性,阐述药学学生责任意识教育的途径,以期加强药学学生的责任意识,培养合格的药学人才.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.