复合材料层合板开口翻边补强试验和数值研究

对复合材料开口补强层合板进行压缩试验研究。对复合材料开口非补强和开口补强层合板建立有限元模型,采用三维8节点厚壳单元 ( S8R),分别利用非线性分析和线性分析方法对复合材料的应力-应变响应进行模拟。通过试验数据与数值结果对比发现,几何非线性分析方法较线弹性分析方法能更好地符合试验结果。通过编制材料子程序 (UMAT) 来预测材料的损伤萌生和扩展,预测的应力-应变响应、损伤扩展、失效强度基本与试验结果一致。      

复合材料翼面壁板剪切稳定性

基于长桁铺层数不同的两块复合材料翼面T型加筋壁板试件SS-1和SS-2开展剪切稳定性试验。试件SS-1和SS-2的L型层合板铺层分别为11层和14层,腹板铺层分别为22层和28层,缘条铺层分别为15层和18层。采用提出的工程方法进行壁板的剪切屈曲应变分析,方法中考虑了长桁尺寸和铺层数的影响,并应用有限元弧长法进行试件屈曲载荷、后屈曲承载能力及剪切屈曲模态分析。试验结果表明,屈曲发生之前试件蒙皮处于均匀纯剪切应变状态,后屈曲阶段试件发生了长桁-蒙皮脱粘破坏失效,长桁铺层数较多的试件SS-2具有更高的屈曲载荷和蒙皮局部屈曲应变。工程方法计算得到试件SS-1和SS-2的剪切屈曲应变相对于试验结果的误差分别为–14.9%和–9.2%。有限元弧长法分析得到试件SS-1的屈曲载荷和屈曲应变误差分别为1.9%和2.7%,且剪切屈曲模态与试验结果一致。弧长法对不同长桁铺层数的研究结果表明,长桁铺层较少时,壁板发生整体失稳的材料破坏,而长桁铺层数较多时,更容易发生长桁与蒙皮的脱粘失效。      

复合材料层合板剪切稳定性试验及强度预测

对无损伤及含冲击损伤的复合材料层合板进行了剪切稳定性试验,基于数字图像相关方法 (Digital image correlation,DIC)对层合板屈曲后屈曲行为进行了实时测量。试验结果表明：引入冲击损伤后,复合材料层合板剪切屈曲波形、屈曲载荷无明显变化,失效模式转变,承载能力下降了9.69%。随后,基于断裂面失效理论,建立了考虑剪切非线性效应的复合材料渐进损伤失效模型,并对复合材料层合板剪切失效过程进行了模拟。模型采用软化夹杂法将冲击损伤等效简化,直接将损伤区的几何边界信息写入材料模型中,不需要对冲击损伤区进行切割,从而保证了整体网格质量。与试验结果对比发现：模型考虑剪切非线性对屈曲载荷预测无明显影响,对后屈曲承载能力的预测精度影响较大,不考虑剪切非线性效应时的误差可达20%以上;软化夹杂法可以有效地模拟冲击损伤,预测的含冲击损伤的复合材料层合板的屈曲载荷、破坏载荷误差分别为-3.17%、-1.27%。     

外突褶皱及其打磨处理对层合板压缩失效行为影响

评估打磨处理对含外突褶皱结构承载能力的影响，是开展复合材料制造质量评定与制定装配策略的重要依据。本文采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了外突褶皱及打磨处理对层合板压缩失效行为的影响。实验方面，借助数字图像DIC技术监测加载过程表面应变分布，采用电子显微相机捕捉损伤过程，分析试样的压缩承载行为和破坏模式。数值模拟方面，采用Hashin失效准则与内聚力方法构建高保真度含褶皱层合板层内/层间失效分析有限元模型，探讨含外突褶皱及打磨褶皱层合板的应力分布特征及失效机制并分析褶皱高度对层合板压缩强度影响。结果表明：外突褶皱降低层合板压缩承载能力，而打磨处理会进一步降低层合板的承载能力与刚度。本文所建立的数值模型与实验结果吻合较好。对于外突褶皱层合板，层合板向褶皱凸起一侧屈曲，褶皱上方发生分层损伤并向端部扩展，纤维损伤从褶皱下侧铺层波谷处向其他层扩展；对于打磨褶皱层合板，主层板向褶皱凸起的相反方向屈曲，首先在打磨断层处发生面外拱起分层损伤，随后褶皱上方纤维层发生拱起断裂，纤维损伤向其他层扩展。随外突褶皱高度的增加，含褶皱层合板及打磨褶皱层合板的压缩失效载荷均显著降低。以上研究可为含外突褶皱复合材料结...     

剪切载荷作用下复合材料挖补修理层合板试验及有限元分析

为了确定剪切载荷作用下含非穿透损伤复合材料挖补修理层合板的破坏模式和抗剪切能力,进行了复合材料挖补修理层合板的剪切试验,并与未损伤复合材料层合板进行对比。试验结果表明,复合材料挖补修理后的层合板具有较高的强度恢复率,且不影响层合板的后屈曲承载能力。同时,建立了剪切载荷作用下复合材料挖补修理层合板的有限元分析（FEA）模型,复合材料母板和补片采用了三维Hashin准则来判定材料失效,母板层与层之间采用零厚度界面单元以有效模拟剪切载荷作用下复合材料母板上、下子板之间的分层。该模型得到的破坏模式与试验结果基本相符。由于挖补修理的设计与工艺复杂性,理论模拟的破坏载荷与试验结果虽不能完全吻合,但其最大15%左右的差异能够满足修理设计的需要。以上结果说明,该模型对剪切载荷作用下复合材料挖补修理层合板的破坏模式和破坏载荷能够进行工程适用的预测。     

基于Puck理论的复合材料层合板横向剪切失效分析

针对复合材料层合板三维失效分析问题,建立了一种基于Puck失效准则的分析模型。针对Puck失效理论中的基体失效,分别采用遍历法和分区黄金分割法（PGSS）的一维搜索算法预测了不同应力状态下基体失效的断裂面角度,并对比分析了两种算法的计算精度和计算效率。研究表明,PGSS具有较高的搜索精度和搜索效率。在ABAQUS有限元分析平台下,编写了基于Puck失效准则的VUMAT显式用户自定义材料子程序,对复合材料层合板横向（G₂₃）剪切性能进行了数值预测和渐进失效分析,并与试验载荷-位移曲线、DIC测得的应变场及破坏模式进行了对比。分析结果表明:当前的分析模型能较好地预测复合材料层合板G₂₃剪切试验的力学响应和破坏模式。      

超薄金属内衬复合材料压力容器的结构分析

采用有限元方法对超薄金属内衬复合材料压力容器结构进行分析。在分析中, 几何模型中的封头段考虑了复合材料铺放角度和厚度沿平行圆半径变化, 材料模型中的复合材料层和内衬层分别选用复合材料层合板理论和弹塑性理论进行分析, 二者之间的界面变形协调性及不可贯入性引入接触分析进行考虑。数值结果表明:在工作压力下, 容器复合材料层纵向应变均为拉应变, 环向存在部分压应变, 内衬层发生塑性变形; 卸载后, 容器的复合材料层处在拉应力状态, 内衬层处在压应力状态。在此基础上, 利用容器的简化模型, 根据内衬层最大变形点荷载位移曲线实现了容器内衬层局部屈曲模拟。容器水压应变测试和内衬局部屈曲观测结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好, 验证了本文中分析的可靠性。      

复合材料开口缝合补强试验及模拟

缝纫能够明显改善层合板的层间力学性能,但缝纫的引入造成了层合板面内的损伤,导致了面内性能的下降.开口的损伤也主要是由孔边的层间失效引发的,开口缝合补强的引入,可以改善孔边的层间力学性能.本文对缝合补强前后开口层合板的静力学拉伸性能进行了试验和有限元的模拟,发现补强后层合板的面内力学性能并没有明显的降低.     

考虑纤维缠绕形态的复合材料结构拉伸承载行为

纤维缠绕复合材料的纤维束具有交叉起伏形态特征,该形态对复合材料结构的力学行为有显著的影响。本文采用数值仿真和实验手段研究了纤维缠绕复合材料平板结构的拉伸力学行为。实验方面,开展纤维缠绕复合材料平板的准静态拉伸实验,通过数字图像相关技术(DIC)监测其表面应变场的演化过程,研究交叉起伏特征对载荷-位移曲线和应变分布特征的影响;数值分析方面,构建包含纤维缠绕形态的介观有限元模型,基于3D Hashin失效准则开展渐进损伤过程模拟,并引入了复合材料的剪切非线性行为。选取层合板结构为参照组,同时开展实验和数值分析。实验结果表明:对于层合结构,缠绕结构的整体刚度更低,失效位移更大,失效载荷基本相同,且缠绕结构菱形特征单元中部纤维交叉起伏区域存在明显的应变集中现象。所构建的有限元模型和实验结果吻合较好,呈现出纤维起伏区域的应变集中、失效起始和扩展行为。      

飞机典型薄壁复合材料夹层结构整体屈曲

为了研究飞机机身无筋无框复合材料典型薄壁夹层结构在型号上应用的可行性,本文采用解析方法、有限元方法和试验方法对蜂窝夹层复合材料结构的面内压缩和剪切整体屈曲开展系统研究。基于经典层合板理论和工程解析方法推导蜂窝夹层复合材料的压缩和剪切屈曲载荷随试验件尺寸的变化规律。依据某型飞机机身典型结构分别设计压缩和剪切试验件尺寸大小、边界条件和加载方式。利用有限元商用软件ABAQUS对试验设计建立虚拟试验分析,对比验证解析方法和有限元方法的一致性。最后通过真实试验方法确定解析方法和有限元方法的有效性,并验证典型薄壁夹层结构的承载能力和破坏模式。结果显示,压缩试验结果失效模式与理论预测一致,故3种方法得到的结构整体失稳载荷相近,验证了理论方法的有效性;剪切试验结果发生局部破坏,故试验结果偏低,但有限元方法与解析方法所得结果一致,解析方法相对保守。     

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of micro-structure on the rate-sensitivity of cellular foam

Understanding the dynamic behavior of cellular foam is essential for designing anti-collision structures. In this work, the rate-sensitivity of cellular foam was analyzed on dynamic experiments of split Hopkinson pressure bar and finite element methods (FEM). A typical circular ring structure is introduced in the FEM analyses to estimate the effects of the post-buckling behavior of cell walls on the properties of stress enhancing as the strain rate increases. The quadrilateral/circular honeycomb foam structure is used to estimate the contribution of micro-structure and matrix effects. These results show that the post-buckling of a micro-structure is an important rate-sensitivity factor.     

Stability and failure of composite laminates with various shaped cutouts under combined in-plane loads

The objective of this paper is to study stability and failure of a composite laminate with a centrally placed cutout of various shapes (i.e., circular, square, diamond, elliptical-vertical and elliptical-horizontal) under combined action of uni-axial compression and in-plane shear loads. The FEM formulation based on the first order shear deformation theory and von Karman’s assumptions has been utilized. Newton–Raphson method is used to solve nonlinear algebraic equations. Failure of a lamina is predicted by the 3-D Tsai–Hill criterion whereas the onset of delamination is predicted by the interlaminar failure criterion. The effects of cutout shape, direction of shear load and composite lay-up on buckling and postbuckling responses, failure loads and failure characteristics of the laminate has been discussed. An efficient utilization of material strength is observed in the case of laminate with circular cutout as compared to the laminate with other shaped cutouts. In addition, it is also concluded that although the buckling strength of the (0/90)_4s laminate is lower than that of the (+45/?45/0/90)_2s and (45/?45)_4s laminates, but its strength is increased in the advanced stage of postbuckling deformation.     

Postbuckling strengths of composite laminate with various shaped cutouts under in-plane shear

The aim of present investigation is to study the buckling and postbuckling response and strengths under positive and negative in-plane shear loads of simply-supported composite laminate with various shaped cutouts (i.e., circular, square, diamond, elliptical-vertical and elliptical-horizontal) of various sizes using finite-element method. The FEM formulation is based on the first order shear deformation theory which incorporates geometric nonlinearity using von Karman’s assumptions. The 3-D Tsai-Hill criterion is used to predict the failure of a lamina while the onset of delamination is predicted by the interlaminar failure criterion. The effect of cutout shape, size and direction of shear load on buckling and postbuckling responses, failure loads and failure characteristics of quasi-isotropic [i.e., (+45/−45/0/90)_2s] laminate has been discussed. In addition, the effect of composite lay-up [i.e., (+45/−45/0/90)_2s, (45/−45)_4s and (0/90)_4s] has also been reported. It is observed that the cutout shape has considerable effect on the buckling and postbucking behaviour of the quasi-isotropic laminate with large size cutout. It is also observed that the direction of shear load and composite lay-up have substantial influence on strength and failure characteristics of the laminate.     

Effects of boundary conditions on buckling and postbuckling responses of composite laminate with various shaped cutouts

The objective of the present work is to study the effects of flexural boundary conditions on buckling and postbuckling behavior of axially compressed quasi-isotropic laminate, (+45/−45/0/90)_2s with various shaped cutouts (i.e., circular, square, diamond, elliptical–vertical and elliptical–horizontal) of various sizes using the finite element method. The FEM formulation is based on first order shear deformation theory and von Karman’s assumptions are used to incorporate geometric nonlinearity. The 3-D Tsai-Hill criterion is used to predict the failure of a lamina while the onset of delamination is predicted by the interlaminar failure criterion. It is observed that the laminates clamped and simply supported on all edges have the highest and lowest buckling and postbuckling strength, respectively, irrespective of cutouts shape and size. It is also noted that a fully clamped laminate with large size elliptical–vertical cutout can take higher compressive buckling load than the laminate without cutout for same boundary condition.     

Failure modes of fibre reinforced composites: The effects of strain rate and fibre content

The many aspects of high speed response of fibre reinforced composite materials have received the attention of a large number of investigators. Nevertheless, the understanding of the mechanisms governing failure under high speed loadings remain largely unknown. The effect of rate and fibre content on failure mechanisms was investigated by viewing fractured surfaces of tensile specimens using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tensile tests were conducted on a woven glass/epoxy laminate at increasing rates of strain. A second laminate (with random continuous glass reinforcement) was tested in tension at varying fibre volume fractions in order to ascertain the relationship between fibre content and failure mechanisms. The results suggest a brittle tensile failure in fibres of the woven laminate. In addition, the matrix was observed to play a greater role in the failure process as speed was increased, resulting in increased matrix damage and bunch fibre pull-out. The results also indicated that increasing the fibre volume fraction increased the likelihood of a matrix dominated failure mode.     

Investigation of trapezoidal corrugated aramid/epoxy laminates under large tensile displacements transverse to the corrugation direction

Corrugated structures are noted for their exhibition of extreme anisotropic stiffness properties which may be useful in aircraft morphing wing skin applications. As part of a wider study to compare the stiffness properties of corrugated laminates made from different materials and geometries, anomalous experimental results were obtained with trapezoidal corrugated aramid/epoxy laminates subjected to large tensile deformations transverse to the corrugation direction. This study investigates the local failure mechanisms of these specimens that explain the obtained experimental results. Static and cyclic experimental testing identified three stages of behaviour in the structure’s stress vs. global strain response. The majority of the displacement comes from the second stage. This was attributed to the aramid fibre compressive properties and delaminations in the corrugated unit cell corner region. This local phenomenon is comparable to a pseudo-plastic hinge that allows large deformations over relatively constant stress levels. This behaviour is thought not to occur in glass and carbon fibre corrugated laminates because it was related specifically to the aramid fibre response. Analytical and numerical analysis showed that the equivalent transverse tensile elastic modulus of the corrugated laminate can be predicted; while the complete three-stage behaviour can also be modelled using non-linear finite element analysis with local elastic–plastic material definitions.     

Damage characterisation of fibre metal laminates under interlaminar shear load

Transverse composite plies are part of the fibre metal laminate Glare^®4B and were investigated under interlaminar shear load. Double-notched shear (DNS) tests were performed and deformation and damage were in situ observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with a loading apparatus. Interlaminar shear strength as well as shear stress values corresponding to the onset of the fibre/matrix-debonding were determined.Although a cross-ply lay-up within the laminate has been interlaminar shear loaded, damage and failure could only be found within the transverse plies. Over their thickness, fibre/matrix-debonding proved to be pronounced near the ply boundaries of the transverse plies, where exceptionally high shear strains could be found. Nevertheless, single fibre/matrix-debonding phenomena were also observed within the centre area of these transverse plies. Although interlaminar shear strain within latter regions is reduced, single events of fibre/matrix-debonding could be attributed to local high stress concentrations due to the fibre arrangement and to small inter fibre distances.     

A mechanically fastened composite laminate joint and progressive failure analysis

A comprehensive procedure for a mechanically fastened composite laminate joint (ASTM D5961 Proc. A, B) is demonstrated from fixture design to analysis of test results. The ASTM tests are applied to evaluate the standard laminate properties and the composite joints. Composite laminate mechanical joints were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM), and the results were compared to test results. A progressive failure analysis (PFA) was applied to the FEM to predict the overall failure behavior of the test specimens. Three laminate failure theories – maximum stress, maximum strain, and Tsai–Wu – were applied to the PFA to predict the test failure load, displacement and strength. The PFA method was suitable to predict the initial test range of test and maximum test load except for the excessive failure area.     

复合材料蒙皮-加筋大开口结构优化设计

采用有限元法对复合材料蒙皮-加筋大开口结构进行了优化设计,研究孔边补强和加筋补强对大开口结构屈曲特 性的影响.结果表明:孔边翻边补强可使应力集中远离孔的自由边,增加翻边深度和宽度皆能提高屈曲载荷;采用共固化加筋要比整体加筋效果明显,同等条件下,优先考虑低而密的筋条布置,同时增加横向筋的数量.