本征型自修复高分子材料的研究进展

本文首先回顾了外援型自修复与本征型自修复两种自修复高分子材料的研究现状,并分析了两种自修复方式的优缺点。然后,重点介绍了可逆共价键型自修复材料和可逆非共价键型自修复材料两种本征型自修复高分子材料的自修复机理及其最新研究进展。可逆共价键型自修复主要通过可逆C-NO键、Diels-Alder反应、可逆酰腙键、可逆双硫键这四种修复机理来达到自修复目的。可逆非共价键型自修复主要依靠氢键作用、疏水作用、金属配体相互作用、离子相互作用和大分子扩散作用这五种修复机理进行自修复。本文对这九种修复机理进行了阐述,并对近年来国内外最新的研究成果进行了较为具体的分析。最后,指出了目前本征型自修复高分子材料研究存在的一些问题,并对自修复高分子材料的未来进行了展望。     

热可逆自修复聚氨酯及其复合材料的研究进展

随着现代工业发展对材料性能的要求不断地提高，聚氨酯也正朝着智能化、功能化等方向发展，其中赋予聚氨酯材料自修复功能是推进其智能化方向的一个重要课题之一。目前自修复聚氨酯材料研究已取得一系列卓有成效的研究成果，其中在聚氨酯材料分子链主链引入热可逆Diels-Alder(DA)共价键以及在传统聚氨酯材料中引入纳米碳材料(如碳纳米管、石墨烯)成为研究热点。然而，目前热可逆DA反应的自修复聚氨酯还存在力学性能稍差、修复效率不高且修复效率随修复次数的增加迅速下降等问题，以及纳米碳材料需经改性才能引入等复杂工艺过程。从光可逆共价键修复体系和热可逆共价键修复体系两个方面简述本征型自修复体系，再从热可逆DA自修复聚氨酯体系和热可逆DA自修复聚氨酯复合材料体系两个方面综述国内外研究进展。     

高分子材料自修复机理的研究进展

综述了高分子材料自修复的各种机理:基于微胶囊和液芯纤维的第一代自修复高分子;基于类毛细血管结构的第二代自修复高分子;基于可逆共价键的分子自修复机理;基于可逆非共价键的分子自修复机理;基于纳米粒子和离聚物的自修复机理;以及外力感应型自修复机理。重点介绍了各种机理的化学过程、特点和自修复效率。最后,展望了自修复高分子材料的发展前景。     

兼具高强度、高韧性和自修复性能的环氧树脂改性热可逆聚氨酯

将E51环氧树脂引入基于Diels-Alder反应的热可逆聚氨酯，制备出环氧树脂改性热可逆自修复聚氨酯材料。引入环氧树脂，可提高改性热可逆聚氨酯的拉伸强度、杨氏模量、冲击韧性和邵氏硬度且保持较高的断裂伸长率。添加20%的环氧树脂制备的环氧树脂改性热可逆聚氨酯材料兼具优异的强度、韧性、硬度等力学性能和良好自修复性能。当环氧树脂改性热可逆聚氨酯出现裂纹裂缝等损伤后，在130℃处理20 min及60℃处理24 h便可修复损伤，并可实现同一部位多次损伤的重复自修复。力学性能提高的原因，是刚性环氧树脂相与聚氨酯弹性相相互缠结形成互穿聚合物网络结构产生的“强迫互溶”和“协同效应”；而多次重复自修复则归因于热可逆Diels-Alder反应和分子链热运动的协同作用。     

自修复聚合物的制备与应用研究进展

聚合物暴露于外部环境(光照、紫外线、热)之中会受到破坏,降低材料的性能以及使用寿命。自修复是人们模仿生物体损伤愈合的概念,解决材料损伤、延长材料使用寿命的新方法。针对近年来自修复聚合物材料的研究情况,文中根据自修复机理将其分为共价键自修复材料、超分子自修复材料两类,分别阐述了它们的化学原理与制备方法。在此基础上,对自修复性质的多样性,如形状自修复、导电性自修复、疏水性自修复、顺磁性自修复等应用性质进行综述。最后,展望了自修复聚合物材料的发展方向,指出纳米粒子、石墨烯等新颖的自修复方法已经崭露头角,有望从材料的堆积结构层次上完善并提高聚合物的自修复性能。     

热可逆自修复聚合物研究进展

自修复聚合物是一类可利用自身结构内部的可逆反应或者大分子扩散来完成对微裂纹自修复的物质。在众多的自修复方式中，热刺激是最快捷和应用最多、最广的方式。针对目前火药的加工条件，结合近年来自修复聚合物的研究状况，对60 ℃以下通过热刺激响应实现自修复，且具有一定力学强度的聚合物黏结剂材料进行综述。自修复聚合物主要分为动态共价键自修复和基于非共价键的超分子自修复，分别对其自修复机理、制备方法和目前的研究进展进行了阐述，为其在含能材料中的应用提供参考。     

自修复聚合物在电化学储能领域的研究进展

自修复聚合物材料能够自行修复在加工和使用过程中产生的微观或者宏观损伤,从而解决材料内部微裂纹难以检测和修复的问题,保持其结构和功能的完整性。将自修复聚合物应用于电化学储能器件中,可有效提升器件的安全可靠性和使用寿命,成为近年来的研究热点之一。本文概括介绍了外援型和本征型自修复聚合物材料的修复机理,着重总结了不需要修复剂、且可实现多次可逆修复的本征型自修复聚合物应用于电化学储能领域的研究进展,以储能器件的电极、电解质以及界面为出发点,综述了自修复功能聚合物分别作为高比能电极黏结剂、界面修饰层、可自修复电解质的研究进展,阐述了自修复机理及其对储能器件电化学性能的影响规律,探讨了自修复聚合物材料在储能领域未来的发展方向。     

可拉伸环氧聚合物的制备与修复性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用不同摩尔比的辛二醇缩水甘油醚(OCG)和含呋喃-马来酰亚胺可逆共价键的环氧缩水甘油醚(FDB)的单体混合物与等当量的聚醚胺(D230)制备了一系列含有可逆共价键的环氧聚合物材料。通过红外光谱、差示扫描量热、热分析、扫描电镜、力学性能测试和光学显微观察等研究了OCG/FDB摩尔比对环氧聚合物热性能、力学性能和修复性能的影响。结果表明,环氧聚合物的玻璃化转变温度随着OCG/FDB摩尔比的增加而降低,拉伸模量、断裂伸长率和低温(70℃)修复率出现先升高后降低的趋势;当n(OCG)/n(FDB)=1.5时,拉伸模量达到(9.57±0.12)MPa,断裂伸长率达到315.8%±3.9%,修复率达到78.86%±6.17%。所制备的环氧聚合物同时具有较高的拉伸性能和较好的修复性能。     

可拉伸环氧聚合物的制备与修复性能

采用不同摩尔比的辛二醇缩水甘油醚(OCG)和含呋喃-马来酰亚胺可逆共价键的环氧缩水甘油醚(FDB)的单体混合物与等当量的聚醚胺(D230)制备了一系列含有可逆共价键的环氧聚合物材料。通过红外光谱、差示扫描量热、热分析、扫描电镜、力学性能测试和光学显微观察等研究了OCG/FDB摩尔比对环氧聚合物热性能、力学性能和修复性能的影响。结果表明,环氧聚合物的玻璃化转变温度随着OCG/FDB摩尔比的增加而降低,拉伸模量、断裂伸长率和低温(70℃)修复率出现先升高后降低的趋势;当n(OCG)/n(FDB)=1.5时,拉伸模量达到(9.57±0.12)MPa,断裂伸长率达到315.8%±3.9%,修复率达到78.86%±6.17%。所制备的环氧聚合物同时具有较高的拉伸性能和较好的修复性能。     

光引发自修复聚合物材料研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

综述了近几年来光引发自修复聚合物材料的研究进展。根据自修复机理的不同,光引发自修复方法可分为基于光交联反应的自修复、光置换反应自修复和光致超分子反应自修复。文中重点论述这3种自修复方法中涉及的材料的设计、光引发机制和自修复机理,并对光引发自修复聚合物材料的发展前景进行了展望。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.