纳米Ni-ZrO_2复合电镀研究

采用纳米Ni-ZrO2复合镀液共电沉积Ni-ZrO2复合镀层;结果表明,以咪唑啉作为分散剂,能得到均匀分散的ZrO2纳米粉体的复合镀镍溶液;pH为3.0-4.0、电流密度为1.4A/dm2和慢速搅拌条件下,可以获得较好Ni-ZrO2复合镀层。对镀层进行了腐蚀、扫描电镜、X-射线衍射测试。     

ZrO2微粒与基质金属及溶液间相互作用的研究

介绍了Ni-ZrO2复合镀工艺配方。通过镀液中ZrO2微粒的Zeta电位分析以及ZrO2微粒质量浓度对镀液pH的影响研究,探讨了微粒与镀液间的相互作用。分别通过纯镍镀层和Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的X-射线衍射实验及SEM形貌分析,研究了微粒与基质金属间的相互作用。结果表明,镀液中的pH随着ZrO2质量浓度的增加而增大;ZrO2微粒因吸附镀液中的H^＋而带正电,有益于其阴极扩散,从而增加镀层中粉体的含量;ZrO2微粒与基质金属间不是简单的机械混合,而是存在相互作用。而且,它的存在改变了基质金属镍的择优取向,也细化了金属镍的晶粒。     

Ni-ZrO2纳米微粒复合镀层性能研究

采用正交试验对Ni-ZrO2纳米微粒复合电镀中影响镀层硬度和耐蚀性等性能的电流密度、镀液温度、极间距、ZrO2纳米微粒质量浓度等因素进行了实验研究,并测定了镀层的形貌、结构、硬度、耐蚀性和结合强度.结果表明Ni基纳米微粒ZrO2复合电镀可以改变镀层的硬度及耐蚀性,且有较好的结合强度.实验研究条件下最优工艺条件为:θ为4...     

Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的结构表征

采用复合电沉积制备Ni-ZrO2复合层。采用X-射线衍射检测ZrO2的加入对镍镀层结构的影响,如衍射峰的强度、金属电沉积时晶粒的择优取向。测试表明,Ni和ZrO2各自在特定的角度分别出现其独特的衍射特征峰,互不干扰,镀层中ZrO2含量增高,衍射强度变强。ZrO2在镀层的掺杂,镀层的晶粒尺寸由29.29 nm降至21.78 nm,镀层晶粒细化。     

Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的腐蚀摩擦学性能研究

用电镀方法制得Ni-ZrO2复合镀层,研究电镀Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的结构以及其硬度、耐磨性、抗腐蚀性与电镀电流密度的关系。结果表明：复合镀层的显微硬度比纯镍镀层硬度成倍提高,复合镀层耐磨性比镍镀层提高20％以上;抗腐蚀性提高70％以上。X射线衍射结果显示,复合镀层由Ni及非晶ZrO2组成。Ni相为面心立方晶体结构,晶格常数为0．353nm,小于纯镍镀层,晶粒尺寸为23．8nm,大于纯镍镀层。     

中温酸性纳米化学复合镀Ni-P-ZrO2的研究

研究了中温酸性环境下影响化学复合镀Ni-P-ZrO2工艺的主要因素,通过实验探索了ZrO2纳米颗粒的用量、搅拌速率、pH和温度对镀液及镀层性能的影响.获得了最佳工艺如下:ZrO2粒子用量30 mg/L,pH=5,搅拌速率500 r/min.在此工艺下所得镀层的显微硬度为650 HV,与Ni-P合金镀层的相对耐磨性为4.6,耐硝酸点蚀时间大于150 s,镀层磷含量为6.80%,ZrO2含量为17.6%.     

超声脉冲电沉积镍–氧化锆–氧化铈纳米复合镀层

在超声场中采用脉冲沉积法制备了Ni–ZrO2–CeO2二元纳米复合镀层。镀液组成和基础工艺条件为:氨基磺酸镍300 g/L,H3BO3 30 g/L,NH4Cl 5 g/L,润湿剂0.15 g/L,ZrO2 20 g/L,CeO235 g/L,温度(45±2)°C,pH 3.8±0.1,时间2 h。研究了平均电流密度、占空比和脉冲频率等对Ni–ZrO2–CeO2复合镀层中纳米颗粒含量的影响。采用静态浸泡法研究了不同脉冲参数下制备的纳米复合镀层在10%H2SO4溶液中的耐腐蚀性。结果表明,在平均电流密度4 A/dm2、占空比0.4、频率1 000 Hz条件下脉冲电沉积时,Ni–ZrO2–CeO2复合镀层中纳米颗粒的含量最高,表面最细致。超声波的引入使复合镀层中纳米颗粒的含量有少许降低,但能细化晶粒,提高复合镀层的耐腐蚀性能。Ni–ZrO2–CeO2复合镀层的耐腐蚀性优于相同工艺条件下制备的纯Ni、Ni–ZrO2以及Ni–CeO2镀层。     

脉冲电沉积Ni-ZrO2复合镀层形貌的研究

着眼于优选电沉积工艺条件,以期制备出良好形貌的复合镀层,系统考察了峰值电流密度、占空比和微粒的质量浓度对脉冲电沉积Ni-ZrO2复合镀层形貌的影响。结果表明:Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的形貌质量随峰值电流密度的增加和微粒质量浓度的升高呈现出先改善后恶化的趋势,但随占空比的增大逐渐变差。在峰值电流密度7A/dm2,占空比20%,微粒的质量浓度20g/L的条件下,所得Ni-ZrO2复合镀层的形貌质量最优。     

纳米微粒Ni-ZrO2复合镀层电镀液的制备

选用ZrO2纳米粉，分别采用调节pH值、加入非离子型表面活性剂和离子型复杂大分子表面活性剂制备纳米微粒Ni—ZrO2复合镀层电镀液。研究发现在pH=3时，通过加入一定量的离子型复杂大分子表面活性剂可以得到高分散、高稳定的复合电镀液。     

电沉积制备Pb-WC-ZrO2复合镀层的工艺及性能研究

通过在氟硼酸铅体系中加入适量的固体颗粒,制得Pb-WC—ZrO2复合镀层。主要研究了电沉积工艺条件（搅拌速度、电流密度及电沉积时间）对Pb-WC—ZrO2复合镀层成分、表面形貌和结合力的影响,从而得出最佳固体微粒加入量及工艺条件为：20～30g/L的ZrO2,20～30g／L的WC,搅拌强度500～600r／min,电流密度2～3A／dm^2,时间2h。在ZnS04-H2S04体系中进行的阳极极化曲线测定表明,此复合镀层适于作惰性阳极材料;电子探针成分分析表明,复合镀层中主要成分是Pb和O还舍有一定量的Zr和W元素,说明Zn和WC都沉积到镀层中;X-射线衍射分析表明,镀层中Pb的衍射峰最强,其次为WC的衍射峰,在衍射图中也存在ZrO2的衍射峰但比较微弱。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.