超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管两种扩皮角度的比较

目的比较超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管两种扩皮角度的临床效果。方法将100例PICC置管患者随机分为两组各50例。成功置入导丝后,纵切组90°扩皮即刀刃向上与皮肤垂直扩皮,横切组180°扩皮即刀刃与皮肤平行扩皮。结果纵切组扩皮后即刻、置管后24h及7d出血量显著少于横切组,扩皮后疼痛程度显著轻于横切组(均P0.01);纵切组一次送鞘成功率(100%)高于横切组(90.0%)。结论超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管扩皮时采用纵切法可有效减少扩皮后出血,减轻患者疼痛,提高一次送鞘成功率。     

腔内心电图定位在乳腺癌化疗病人上臂植入式输液港中的应用

目的探讨腔内心电图定位在乳腺癌化疗病人上臂植入式输液港中的临床应用。方法接受超声引导下联合腔内心电图定位经上臂植入式输液港的乳腺癌化疗病人80例,X线确定导管尖端位置,明确心电图定位达标效果。结果所有病人均一次性置入成功,除1例到达对侧头臂静脉,无其他相关并发症发生,导管尖端位置均到达上腔静脉。结论腔内心电图定位经上臂植入式输液港导管尖端定位准确,成功率高,操作简便,经济。     

乳腺癌化疗患者两种臂式输液港植入方式效果比较

目的 比较乳腺癌化疗患者2种臂式输液港植入方式的效果，为选择适宜植入方式及维护提供参考。方法 比较原位植入港座227例(原位组)与隧道式植入港座195例(隧道组)手术时间、感染、血栓、输液功能障碍、淤血消散时间等指标。结果 原位组手术时间显著短于隧道组，疼痛评分、输液港功能障碍、淤血发生率及淤血消散时间显著高于(长于)隧道组(均P<0.01);输液港感染及血栓发生率两组差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 原位输液港植入操作时间较短，隧道输液港港座植入患者疼痛及出血情况较轻、输液功能障碍发生率低。可视患者具体情况合理选择。     

经颈内静脉完全植入式输液港在乳腺癌化疗中的应用

目的总结经颈内静脉放置全植入式输液港(TIVAP)作为乳腺癌化疗静脉输液通路的使用经验。方法对2013年6月~2015年12月486例行输液港植入术的乳腺癌化疗患者进行回顾性研究,观察其术后及远期并发症。结果全部病例均在术中成功完成输液港植入。l例出现心悸不适,2例穿刺点周围局部血肿,1例囊袋内港体周围血肿,2例气胸,3例导管相关性感染,2例导管堵塞,1例导管断裂。至末次随访,65例带管时间4~30个月,中位带管时间15个月。本组未出现导丝断裂、pinch-off综合征等严重并发症。结论经颈内静脉放置全植入式输液港是乳腺癌化疗安全、有效的输液途径。     

安全型留置针穿刺结合改良塞丁格技术经外周置入中心静脉导管在艾滋病患者中的应用

目的探讨解决为艾滋病患者建立一条安全静脉输液途径,同时降低医护人员职业暴露风险。方法总结应用22G直型安全型留置针穿刺结合改良塞丁格技术成功经外周置入中心静脉导管（PICC）60例艾滋病患者的临床资料。结果置管成功率98．33％（59／60）,无1例发生职业暴露,无1例发生严重并发症。结论无血管超声引导的情况下,应用22G直型安全型留置针穿刺结合改良改良塞丁格技术为艾滋病患者置入PICC导管,置管成功率高,医护人员职业暴露风险小。     

高龄患者视锐V引导下行PICC置管的护理

目的探讨视锐V引导下进行上臂外周中心静脉置管在高龄患者中的应用及护理措施。方法对19例高龄患者应用超声引导下结合改良的塞丁格技术进行上臂外周中心静脉置管。结果 19例高龄患者均一次置管成功,X线拍片示导管末端位于上腔静脉,导管保留时间52～380 d。结论利用视锐V行上臂外周中心静脉置管,同时实施一系列的程序化护理,可提高置管成功率,减少机械性静脉炎、穿刺点感染等并发症,还减少了因手臂活动而导致的导管意外滑出,减轻患者的痛苦,利于抢救,延长患者生命。     

超声引导和改良塞丁格技术置入PICC的研究进展

阐述了超声引导和改良塞丁格技术的相关概念和起源,总结了国内外的研究情况,并提出超声引导和改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管的要求,以期为提高置管成功率、减少并发症、做好导管维护等提供参考。     

乳腺癌经上臂植入中心静脉输液港25例临床研究

目的 探讨经上臂植入中心静脉输液港的临床适应证及技术操作细则。方法 回顾性分析北京大学第一医院乳腺疾病中心经上臂植入中心静脉输液港的25例乳腺癌病人临床资料,对照同期经颈内静脉植入中心静脉输液港的72例病例,分析经上臂植入中心静脉输液港的临床适应证及技术操作细则。结果 共完成中心静脉输液港植入97例,其中经上臂植入中心静脉输液港25例,经颈内静脉植入中心静脉输液港72例。无失败病例,两组病人手术时间差异无统计学意义［35~55（42.8±4.8）min vs. 35~50（42.4±4.6）min,t=0.342,P=0.733］,短期并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（4.0% vs. 4.1%,P=1.000）。结论 在严格选择适应证人群,注意操作技术细则基础上,经上臂植入中心静脉输液港是一种安全的中心静脉输液港植入方法。     

超声引导和改良塞丁格技术置入PICC的研究进展

阐述了超声引导和改良塞丁格技术的相关概念和起源，总结了国内外的研究情况，并提出超声引导和改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管的要求，以期为提高置管成功率、减少并发症、做好导管维护等提供参考。     

植入式静脉输液港方位的选择在乳腺癌患者应用中的临床研究

目的通过比较经皮颈内静脉植入式静脉输液港的置入方位,探讨操作过程中的简便性与安全性,为选择合适的植入方位提供依据。方法收集2017-03—2018-04间在郑州大学第二附属医院行经皮颈内静脉植入输液港的135例乳腺癌术后患者。以右侧颈内静脉植入输液港的90例为观察组,以左侧颈内静脉植入输液港45例为对照组。比较置管时间、置管成功率、导管走形不良率。结果 2组术后均未见明显不适,1次置管成功率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组置管时间、术后导管走形异常发生率均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论植入式静脉输液港装置选择右侧颈内静脉穿刺和左侧颈内静脉穿刺均可行。右侧植入更加简便安全,可优先选用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.