早期全肠外营养及肠内、外混合营养对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨早期给予全肠外营养（TPN）及肠内营养（EN）、肠外营养（PN）混合支持对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响。方法采用前瞻性对照研究将神经外科危重患者按入院顺序随机分为TPN组及EN＋PN组,并对比营养支持前后两组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、CD3／CD25、IgA、IgG、IgM、血清白蛋白的变化。结果给予神经外科危重患者两种营养支持均可提高其CD3、CD4、CD8及CD3＋／CD25＋比值（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;两种营养支持方式均可显著升高IgA、IgG、IgM、（P〈0．05）及血清白蛋白浓度（P〈0．01）。与TPN组比较,EN＋PN组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8比值、IgA、IgG、IgM浓度及血清白蛋白水平均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论早期TPN及EN＋PN支持均可促进神经外科危重患者免疫功能的恢复及提高,EN＋PN的作用优于TPN,对于神经外科危重患者应早期给予营养支持治疗。     

早期肠内营养在食管癌术后感染预防中的效果研究

目的 观察早期肠内营养对预防食管癌术后感染的效果,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 将100例食管癌手术患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)、肠外营养组(PN组)各50例,术后EN组早期行肠内营养,PN组给予全肠外营养支持;分别于术后第1、8天采用Array360测定仪检测体液免疫指标(血液中IgA、IgG、IgM),采用Beck-man-Coulter Epics XL流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫指标(T淋巴细胞及其亚群、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞).结果 EN组术后发生切口感染、肺部感染、吻合口瘘各1例,PN组分别为4、5、4例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EN组术后第1、8天与PN组术后第1、8天的IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞比较,EN组术后第8天与术后第1天及PN组术后第8天比较,IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞升高(P＜0.05),而CD8+降低(P＜0.05).结论 早期肠内营养可预防食管癌术后感染的发生,可能与其提高机体免疫功能有关.     

肾移植术后重症肺部感染病人营养支持对免疫功能影响的研究

目的探讨肠外 肠内营养(PN EN)与全肠外营养(TPN)支持,对肾移植术后重症肺部感染病人免疫功能的影响。方法将2002-2006年30例危重症病人按随机分组原则分为两组,每组15例。试验组接受PN EN,对照组接受TPN,两组等氮、等热量供给。于治疗前、后检测血浆总蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白浓度,外周血IgA、IgG、IgM、淋巴细胞总数TLC、CD4/CD8比值。结果试验组TLC、CD4/CD8比值和IgG与对照组相比,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论PN EN较TPN更能改善肾移植术后重症肺部感染病人的免疫功能。     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃癌术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:将72例胃癌病人随机分为EN组26例、PN组26例及常规输液(对照)组20例.术后24 h开始给予EN或PN,分别检测术前和术后第9天营养和免疫指标,并观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EN组和PN组术后体质量、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性意义;EN组、PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组胃肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P＜0.001).结论:早期肠内营养可明显改善胃癌术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

危重症病人营养支持对免疫功能影响的临床研究

目的:探讨肠外 肠内营养(PN EN)与全肠外营养(TPN)支持,对危重症病人免疫功能的影响.方法:将40例危重症病人按就诊顺序分为两组,每组20例.试验组接受PN EN,对照组接受TPN,两组等氮、等热量供给.于治疗前、后检测血浆总蛋白、清蛋白、血红蛋白和转铁蛋白浓度,外周血IgA、IgG、IgM、淋巴细胞总数(TLC)及T细胞亚群CD3、CD4百分率和CD4/CD8比值.结果:试验组TLC和IgG与对照组相比,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);CD4和CD4/CD8比值也有升高(P＜0.05);其余指标无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:PN EN较TPN更能改善危重症病人的免疫功能.     

肠外或肠内营养对消化道肿瘤患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的：比较肠内营养与肠外营养对消化道肿瘤患术后免疫功能的影响。方法：将40例消化道肿瘤患随机分为肠内营养（EN）组肠外营养（PN）组，每组20例，试验周期为7天。术后第2天开始予等热量、等氮量营养支持1周。检测术前和术后第8天患外周血淋巴细胞计数、林巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25（IL－2受体）和NK细胞等细胞免疫指标，以及IgG、IgM、IgA、补体C3、C4、CH50和CRP等体液免疫指标。结果：两组患均无严重感染性并发症发生。两组总淋巴细胞计数在术前与术后第8天均无显性变化。EN组CD3、CD4、CRP和IgM水平明显升高，PN组NK细胞水平明显下降，而IgA水平明显升高。结论：术后肠内营养安全且可行。肠内营养可改善T辅助细胞功能，并维持NK细胞的正常水平；而肠外营养可抑制机能的细胞免疫功能。外科 营养对于体液免疫影响不大。     

消化道肿瘤术后早期营养对免疫和应激反应的作用

目的 比较消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EEN）＋肠外营养（PN）与术后早期完全胃肠外营养（TPN）对患者应激和免疫指标的影响。方法将择期进行消化道恶性肿瘤根治手术患者随机分为EEN＋PN组（22例）和TPN组（24例），两组患者分别于术后24小时开始等热量、等氮营养治疗。比较两组患者术前与术后1周CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、IgM、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素2（IL2）水平的差异。结果EEN＋PN组术后7天CD3、CD4、IgM显著高于TPN组（P〈0．05）；TPN组术后1天IL2显著高于EEN＋PN组（P〈0．05）。两组患者术前、术后7天CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、CRP、TNFα差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论EEN＋PN在改善应激和免疫指标方面优于TPN，可成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

早期肠内营养对胃胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内营养(EEN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃、胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:胃、胰腺肿瘤病人96例,分为EEN组52例、PN组24例和对照组(常规补液)20例.术后24 h开始给予肠内或肠外营养,检测术前和术后第9 d营养以及免疫指标,观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EEN组和PN组术后体重、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而EEN组和PN组之间差异无显著性意义;EEN组和PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EEN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05).结论:EEN可明显改善胃、胰腺肿瘤术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内与肠外营养治疗的比较

目的探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养(EEN) 肠外营养(PN)可行性,并将其与完全胃肠外营养(TPN)对患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响进行比较。方法将2001年10月～2003年3月在本院普外科行择期消化道恶性肿瘤手术患者随机分为EEN PN组(22例)和TPN组(24例),于术后24h开始营养治疗,他们在获得能量与氮量方面差异无显著性。术前、术后第1、3、7天测定血前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)和血色素(Hb)水平;术前、术后第7天测定血IgA、IgG、IgM、T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8水平;术后第1～7天每日测定氮平衡(NB)。比较两组上述指标在术后的差异。结果两组间在术前、术后第1、3、7天测定的血PA、ALB、Hb及术后第1～7天测定的NB比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组CD3、CD4水平明显高于TPN组(P<0.05熏P<0.01),而两组在CD8及CD4/CD8的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组IgM明显高于TPN组(P<0.05),而两组在IgA、IgG的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论EEN PN是腹部术后安全有效的营养途径。由于EEN PN在改善免疫功能方面明显优于TPN,因此它应成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

老年恶性消化道肿瘤患者术后应用肠内营养的安全性及疗效

目的 评价老年恶性消化道肿瘤患者术后应用肠内营养支持的安全性及临床疗效。方法 将108例老年恶性消化道肿瘤患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组（45例）、肠外营养（PN）组（45例）及对照组（常规输液）组（18例），EN组术后24小时输注肠内营养液，PN组经外周静脉输注营养液。观察临床和测定营养支持前后患者的血糖、肝肾功能和电解质以及营养和免疫指标的变化。结果 EN组肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组（P＜0．001）；血糖、肝肾功能、电解质、补体C3、C4和总补体溶血活性在各组问差异无显著性；EN、PN组治疗后体重、前白蛋白、白蛋白、IgG、IgM、IgA及C-反应蛋白均显著高于对照组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性；EN组、PN组治疗后CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01），且EN组治疗后CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋亦高于PN组（P＜0．05）。结论 肠内营养安全、实用有效，对体质差、年龄大的恶性消化道肿瘤患者更为适合。     

Impact of nutrition behaviour research on nutrition programmes and nutrition policy

Development of a society is interrelated with research. Innovation in food and nutritional sciences enable citizens to live in conditions of food security. Current dietary goals can be reached by understanding the biopsychosocial background of human nutrition behaviour. Examples of diffusion of such findings into practice are presented with emphasis on Germany and the activities of AGEV (the Working Association of Nutritional Behaviour), which was founded 25 years ago. Nutrition behaviour research should strengthen the focus on practical applications of its findings, since the prevalence of nutrition-related problems, like obesity in children and the estrangement on food and nutrition, is increasing.     

Preadmission nutrition screening: expanding hospital-based nutrition services by implementing earlier nutrition intervention

The need to screen patients earlier than within the first 24 hours of hospital admission has resulted in the development of preadmission nutrition screening. At Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center (PSJMC), a 455-bed acute-care facility, this procedure has been used since 1994. The preadmission screening method was developed because of the use of critical pathways for patients in specific diagnosis-related groups. Critical pathways specified that registered dietitians must assess these patients within 24 hours of admission at PSJMC. However, at that time there was minimal data in the chart from which to assess the patient's nutritional status and the ability to interview the patient was often limited as a result of intubation or postoperative pain. Family members were not always available at the hospital to discuss a patient's preadmission nutritional status. To address this problem, we developed a system to call people at home before their admission to the hospital to obtain specific nutrition information. To analyze the effectiveness of the procedure, the Food and Nutrition Services Department developed a process to assess this method of screening and to improve the system. Patients were enrolled in a study over a 1-month period, demographics were identified for this sample population, and patient satisfaction was determined via an interview conducted by a dietetic technician after the patient was admitted. Most patients found this to be a very helpful process and an example is presented here on the role of preadmission nutrition screening in improving patient outcome. To better define the population of the case study presented, additional information was gathered on a second study group of patients screened before admission who were admitted for hip and knee surgery, one of the specific diagnosis-related groups with a critical pathway. Our findings indicate that preadmission nutrition screening has the potential to improve patient outcomes by increasing nutrient intake before their hospital admission, reducing hospitalization length, and enhancing patient satisfaction during their hospital stay.     

Neonatal nutrition: a focus on parenteral nutrition and early enteral nutrition.

No population has benefited more from the development and advancement of specialized nutrition support than pediatric patients. Today, neonates comprise the largest group of pediatric patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). Nutrient needs of neonates differ substantially from other populations, presenting unique challenges in optimizing nutrition care. Neonates are highly susceptible to catabolic stress because of reduced energy stores and markedly increased energy needs. Immature organ systems and metabolic pathways further complicate the delivery of adequate nutrition in the preterm neonate. Early nutrition support is essential to improve survival, reduce catabolism, promote growth, and limit developmental complications. This article discusses feeding strategies for PN and early enteral nutrition in neonates, particularly the preterm neonate.     

Total parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition in diabetes

A quarter or more of critically ill patients are likely to have carbohydrate intolerance or frank diabetes, either pre-existing or secondary to the stress of illness. Those patients who require parenteral nutrition should be treated using regimens similar to those used in nondiabetic patients, along with sufficient insulin (given by separate infusion) to maintain near-normal glycaemia. The role of novel substrates in diabetes remains to be established. In patients who require enteral nutrition, there is accumulating evidence that high-fat (as monounsaturated fatty acid) formulations achieve better overall metabolic control than conventional high-carbohydrate preparations. In view of the fact that macrovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes in particular, and the fact that the risk of macrovascular complications is relatively unaffected by glycaemic control, the improved lipid and haemostatic profile achieved with preparations that are high in monounsaturated fatty acids is of particular importance in patients on long-term nutritional support.     

Enteral nutrition

Enteral nutrition is feeding the gastrointestinal tract either with food, oral supplements or via tube. It is generally safe, easy to administer and free of major complications. The most common problems relate to the tubes themselves, such as blockage and stoma infection.