肠内营养中应用谷氨酰胺对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠继发感染的影响

目的探讨早期肠内营养中应用谷氨酰胺（Gln）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠继发感染的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠95只，随机分成模型1天组、对照组、SAP＋肠外营养（PN）组、SAP＋肠内营养（EN）组、SAP＋EN＋Gln组，除模型1天组外，各组又分为4天喂养组和7天喂养组。分别在第4、7天检测各组各项指标，主要包括细菌移位、血浆内毒素、二胺氧化酶、肠转运功能。结果肠系膜淋巴结和肝培养出的细菌多为革兰氏阴性杆菌，以大肠杆菌为主，SAP＋EN、SAP＋EN＋Gln组显著低于SAP＋PN组（P〈0．01），SAP＋EN＋Gln组低于SAP＋EN组（P〈0．05）。各SAP组血浆内毒素水平显著高于对照组，以SAP＋PN组最高，SAP＋EN、SAP＋EN＋Gln组显著低于SAP＋PN组（P〈0．01），SAP＋EN组高于SAP＋EN＋Gln组（P〈0．05）。SAP＋PN7天组明显高于4天组（P〈0．05）。各SAP组发病4天后血浆DAO活性明显下降（P〈0．01）；7天后SAP＋EN＋Gln组回升和对照组无差异，其余各SAP组继续下降，以SAP＋PN组为甚（P〈0．01）。各SAP组的肠转运系数显著降低（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；SAP＋EN、SAP＋EN＋Gln组显著高于SAP＋PN组（P〈0.05，P〈0．01）；SAP＋EN＋Gln和SAP＋EN组之间差异无显著性。结论肠内营养中应用谷氨酰胺能更有效地降低SAP大鼠肠道细菌移位，从而减少胰腺继发感染的发生。     

早期全肠外营养及肠内、外混合营养对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨早期给予全肠外营养（TPN）及肠内营养（EN）、肠外营养（PN）混合支持对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响。方法采用前瞻性对照研究将神经外科危重患者按入院顺序随机分为TPN组及EN＋PN组,并对比营养支持前后两组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、CD3／CD25、IgA、IgG、IgM、血清白蛋白的变化。结果给予神经外科危重患者两种营养支持均可提高其CD3、CD4、CD8及CD3＋／CD25＋比值（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;两种营养支持方式均可显著升高IgA、IgG、IgM、（P〈0．05）及血清白蛋白浓度（P〈0．01）。与TPN组比较,EN＋PN组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8比值、IgA、IgG、IgM浓度及血清白蛋白水平均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论早期TPN及EN＋PN支持均可促进神经外科危重患者免疫功能的恢复及提高,EN＋PN的作用优于TPN,对于神经外科危重患者应早期给予营养支持治疗。     

十二指肠营养管在食管癌术后早期营养中的应用

目的探讨食管癌术后十二指肠营养管应用的临床效果。方法选取158例食管癌患者，随机分为肠内营养组（EN，n=80）和肠外营养组（PN，n=78），监测血浆蛋白、免疫指标及氮平衡，观察有无消化道症状、胃肠功能恢复情况及并发症等指标。结果血浆蛋白变化两组差异无统计学意义，术后第7天达正氮平衡，CD；和CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显升高，NK细胞活性明显增强，EN组胃肠功能恢复及住院时间较PN组明显缩短，无严重并发症发生。结论食管癌术后肠内营养具有更符合生理需求、更安全、费用低、并发症少等优点。     

消化道肿瘤术后早期营养对免疫和应激反应的作用

目的 比较消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EEN）＋肠外营养（PN）与术后早期完全胃肠外营养（TPN）对患者应激和免疫指标的影响。方法将择期进行消化道恶性肿瘤根治手术患者随机分为EEN＋PN组（22例）和TPN组（24例），两组患者分别于术后24小时开始等热量、等氮营养治疗。比较两组患者术前与术后1周CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、IgM、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）、白介素2（IL2）水平的差异。结果EEN＋PN组术后7天CD3、CD4、IgM显著高于TPN组（P〈0．05）；TPN组术后1天IL2显著高于EEN＋PN组（P〈0．05）。两组患者术前、术后7天CD8、CD4／CD8、IgA、IgG、CRP、TNFα差异均无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论EEN＋PN在改善应激和免疫指标方面优于TPN，可成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

胃癌术后辅助化疗期间肠内营养对患者免疫及营养状况的影响

目的观察胃癌全胃根治性切除术后辅助化疗期问肠内营养支持对患者免疫及营养状况的影响。方法将2009年1月至2010年6月行全胃根治性切除加空肠造口术后给予辅助静脉化疗的86例胃癌患者按住院号尾号单双数分成肠内营养支持组（EN组）和对照组,每组各43例。EN组延期留置空肠造口管至6个化疗疗程结束,每个疗程经空肠造口管给予肠内营养支持7d。对照组于化疗前拔除空肠造口管,每个化疗疗程自由饮食,不予营养支持。检测两组第1次化疗前1d和第6次化疗结束后1d的营养及免疫指标。结果EN组3例因导管堵塞或导管脱落、对照组2例因化疗副反应或经济原因未能完成研究,81例进入统计分析。第6次化疗结束后两组体重均有所下降,EN组体重下降百分比显著低于对照组（6．9％±0．95％比11．2％±1．32％,P=0．0000）。与第1次化疗前比较,第6次化疗结束后两组预后营养指数（PNI）均下降,但EN组化疗前后差异无统计学意义（P=0．1534）,对照组化疗后PNI显著低于化疗前（P=0．0000）,且EN组化疗后PNI显著高于对照组（P=0．0040）。第6次化疗结束后,EN组IgG、自然杀伤细胞、CD4^＋和CD4^＋／CD8^＋水平显著高于对照组（P=0．0083、P=0．0143、P=0．0000、P：0．0000）。结论术后辅助化疗期间给予肠内营养支持可改善全胃根治性切除胃癌患者的营养及免疫状况。由于病例数少,两组入量控制存在不可控制因素,需要更严格的进一步研究。     

肠外或肠内营养对消化道肿瘤患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的：比较肠内营养与肠外营养对消化道肿瘤患术后免疫功能的影响。方法：将40例消化道肿瘤患随机分为肠内营养（EN）组肠外营养（PN）组，每组20例，试验周期为7天。术后第2天开始予等热量、等氮量营养支持1周。检测术前和术后第8天患外周血淋巴细胞计数、林巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25（IL－2受体）和NK细胞等细胞免疫指标，以及IgG、IgM、IgA、补体C3、C4、CH50和CRP等体液免疫指标。结果：两组患均无严重感染性并发症发生。两组总淋巴细胞计数在术前与术后第8天均无显性变化。EN组CD3、CD4、CRP和IgM水平明显升高，PN组NK细胞水平明显下降，而IgA水平明显升高。结论：术后肠内营养安全且可行。肠内营养可改善T辅助细胞功能，并维持NK细胞的正常水平；而肠外营养可抑制机能的细胞免疫功能。外科 营养对于体液免疫影响不大。     

ICU重症肠外、肠内营养支持初步评价

目的 重症病人多合并营养不良及营养代谢性疾病，为进一步探讨营养支持方案及其疗效对预后的影响，进行了营养不同的ICU重症肠外、肠内营养支持的初步评价。方法 选择最近三年ICU住院时间及营养支持时间≥7天的各类重症38例，依营养支持方法不同分成TPN组、PN＋EN组及TEN组。调查ICU治疗前后的血清白蛋白、血糖、血清离子、肝肾功能及相关并发症；营养支持途径（中心静脉、周围静脉、鼻胃管词、口入）；营养素摄入量。热能的摄入PN＋EN组较TPN组增加差异显（P＜0．05），蛋白质摄入PN＋EN组较TPN组增加差异非常显（P＜0．001） ，三组间脂肪、碳水化物无显性差异（P＜0．05）。三组年龄、ICU住院时间比较无显差异（P＜0．05）。结果 以血清白蛋白为营养评价的指标中，各组间比较及三组营养支持后与营养支持前比较均无显性差异（P＜0．05）。PN EN组较TPN组各种感染发生率、高血糖发生率及死亡率明显降低。结论 ICU重症因多种因素营养素不足的问题较为普遍，本热能、蛋白质的摄入PN＋EN组较TPN组对氮平衡维持的影响要小。尽管三组ICU治疗时间短，尚未显示出血清白蛋白的明显转归，但从治疗后的均值看PN＋EN组较TPN组下降幅度要小，发生的各种感染率、高血糖率、死亡率较低。说明ICU重症能量的补给以维持能量平衡、氮平衡为重要。营养支持方法的选择只要病情允许，肠外与肠内营养支持方法结合营养素的摄入量相对适宜，也有利消化道功能的恢复。从而减少严重分解状态加上热能、蛋白质摄入不足，引起肌蛋白大量分解，氮及谷氨酰胺大量选择和消耗，体内脂肪大量动员，水和电解质代谢紊乱，病人迅速消耗导致的短期内死亡。     

早期肠内营养对重型颅脑损伤患者免疫功能及结局的影响

目的研究早期肠内营养（EEN）对重型颅脑损伤患者免疫功能及结局的影响。方法将2010年3月至2011年3月泰州市人民医院131名重型颅脑损伤患者分为EEN组（n=69）和对照组（n=62）,观察伤后（或术后）7d内并发症发生及病死情况。于伤后（或术后）第7天检测体液免疫指标,采用特异性荧光抗体标记、流式细胞仪检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群。结果与对照组比较,EEN组7d内糖代谢紊乱,腹泻、腹胀,各种感染,多器官功能障碍综合征,应激性溃疡等并发症发生率明显较低（P=0．000、P=0．002、P=0．001、P=0．004、P=0．002）,住院病死率也明显较低（P=0．028）。EEN组IgM、IgG明显高于对照组（P均=0．000）,补体c3、补体C4明显低于对照组（P均=0．000）,而IgA差异无统计学意义（P=0．144）。EEN组CD3^＋ CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋ 比值、CD19^＋ 明显高于对照组（P均=0．000）,CD3^＋ CD8^＋ 差异无统计学意义（P=0．070）,CD16^＋ CD56^＋ 明显低于对照组（P=0．026）。结论重型颅脑损伤患者对EEN的耐受性较好,患者的免疫功能和结局得到改善。     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃癌术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:将72例胃癌病人随机分为EN组26例、PN组26例及常规输液(对照)组20例.术后24 h开始给予EN或PN,分别检测术前和术后第9天营养和免疫指标,并观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EN组和PN组术后体质量、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性意义;EN组、PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组胃肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P＜0.001).结论:早期肠内营养可明显改善胃癌术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

含益生元肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肠紧密结合蛋白occludin的作用

目的探讨早期给予含益生元（低聚半乳糖）肠内营养（EN）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠肠紧密结合蛋白oecludin蛋白表达以及mRNA表达的作用。方法将64只SD大鼠随机分成8组（n=8）：假手术对照4d和7d组、SAP造模＋肠内营养（SAP＋EN）4d和7d组、SAP造模＋含益生元肠内营养（SAP＋PRE-EN）4d和7d组、SAP造模＋肠外营养（SAP4-PN）4d和7d组。胰腺被膜下均匀注射3．8％牛磺胆酸钠1ml建立SAP大鼠模型,采用免疫组织化学法检测occludin蛋白表达,实时荧光定量PCR法检测occludinmRNA含量。结果各SAP组oecludin蛋白表达和mRNA含量均显著低于假手术对照组（P〈0．01）,SAP＋EN组和SAP＋PRE-EN组显著高于SAP＋PN组（P〈0．05）,SAP＋PRE．EN组显著高于SAP＋EN组（P〈0．05）。Occludin蛋白表达和mRNA含量呈显著正相关（r=0．83,P〈0．01）。结论含益生元肠内营养可以增强肠黏膜紧密结合蛋白occludin的表达,其作用与上调occludinmRNA水平有关。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.