消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内与肠外营养治疗的比较

目的探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养(EEN) 肠外营养(PN)可行性,并将其与完全胃肠外营养(TPN)对患者营养状况和免疫功能的影响进行比较。方法将2001年10月～2003年3月在本院普外科行择期消化道恶性肿瘤手术患者随机分为EEN PN组(22例)和TPN组(24例),于术后24h开始营养治疗,他们在获得能量与氮量方面差异无显著性。术前、术后第1、3、7天测定血前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)和血色素(Hb)水平;术前、术后第7天测定血IgA、IgG、IgM、T淋巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8水平;术后第1～7天每日测定氮平衡(NB)。比较两组上述指标在术后的差异。结果两组间在术前、术后第1、3、7天测定的血PA、ALB、Hb及术后第1～7天测定的NB比较,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组CD3、CD4水平明显高于TPN组(P<0.05熏P<0.01),而两组在CD8及CD4/CD8的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后第7天EEN PN组IgM明显高于TPN组(P<0.05),而两组在IgA、IgG的差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论EEN PN是腹部术后安全有效的营养途径。由于EEN PN在改善免疫功能方面明显优于TPN,因此它应成为消化道肿瘤患者术后首选的营养方式。     

早期全肠外营养及肠内、外混合营养对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响

目的探讨早期给予全肠外营养（TPN）及肠内营养（EN）、肠外营养（PN）混合支持对神经外科危重患者免疫功能的影响。方法采用前瞻性对照研究将神经外科危重患者按入院顺序随机分为TPN组及EN＋PN组,并对比营养支持前后两组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8、CD3／CD25、IgA、IgG、IgM、血清白蛋白的变化。结果给予神经外科危重患者两种营养支持均可提高其CD3、CD4、CD8及CD3＋／CD25＋比值（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;两种营养支持方式均可显著升高IgA、IgG、IgM、（P〈0．05）及血清白蛋白浓度（P〈0．01）。与TPN组比较,EN＋PN组CD3、CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8比值、IgA、IgG、IgM浓度及血清白蛋白水平均显著升高（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论早期TPN及EN＋PN支持均可促进神经外科危重患者免疫功能的恢复及提高,EN＋PN的作用优于TPN,对于神经外科危重患者应早期给予营养支持治疗。     

肠内营养联合肠外营养对结肠癌手术后患者免疫功能的影响

目的比较结肠癌术后肠内营养(EN)联合肠外营养(PN)与全肠外营养(TPN)对患者术后应激和免疫指标的影响。方法将64例结肠癌患者随机分成两组,术后分别接受肠内外联合营养(EN+PN)和全肠外营养(TPN),所有患者分别于术前1d和术后第1、第7d测定补体C3,IgA,IgM,IgG,CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8。结果 6d后补体C3,IgA,IgM,IgG,CD3,CD4,CD8,CD4/CD8的恢复程度,EN+PN组与TPN组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与TPN对比,联合使用EN和PN更能有效促进结肠癌术后机体免疫功能的恢复。     

消化道术后肠内营养与肠外营养联合应用与单纯肠外营养的比较

目的 探讨消化道恶性肿瘤术后早期肠内营养（EN）和肠外营养（PN）联合应用对患者恢复的影响，并与完全胃肠外营养（TPN）进行比较。方法 将2002年1月-2004年3月择期行消化道恶性肿瘤手术的患者65例随机分为二组：EN-PN组（35例）和TPN组（30例），于术后24小时开始营养治疗。分别于术前和术后第7天测定血清白蛋白（ALB）、前白蛋白（PA）、转铁蛋白（TFN）及白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）水平，同时测定血清内毒素水平和尿乳果糖/甘露醇（L/M）评价肠黏膜通透性，测定血清IgA、IgG、IgM、CD4、CD8及CD4/CD8评价免疫功能，比较二组患者感染等并发症的发生率和平均住院时间。结果 术后第7天，EN-PN组的尿L/M、血清内毒素、IL-6及TNFα水平均明显低于TPN组（P〈0．05），而EN-PN组的IgG及CD4/CD8水平均明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05），EN-PN组TFN及PA明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05），EN-PN组患者感染并发症和住院时间亦明显降低（P〈0．01）。结论 消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后早期应用肠内和肠外营养相结合的营养方式是安全有效的，可提高患者的免疫功能，促进患者恢复。     

围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的 研究围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响.方法将80例食管癌患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组与肠外营养（PN）组,以不同方式营养支持至术后第7天.所有患者均于术前、术后第1、8天测量IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、C-反应蛋白（CRP）和α-抗胰蛋白酶.结果术后第1天,PN组免疫球蛋白均下降（P〈0.05）,EN组IgA下降（P〈0.05）;术后第8天两组免疫球蛋白均较术后第1天升高（P〈0.05）;EN组术后第8天免疫球蛋白均明显高于PN组（P〈0.01）;两组术后第1天的CD4淋巴细胞较术前下降（P〈0.05）,EN组术后第1天CD8明显升高（P〈0.01）,EN组术后第8天的CD4、CD4/CD8均高于PN组（P〈0.01）,CD8低于PN组（P〈0.05）;术后第1天CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶较术前均显著升高（P〈0.01）,术后第8天较术后第1天均显著下降（P〈0.01）;术后第8天EN组患者CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶均显著低于PN组（P〈0.01）.结论围手术期对食管癌患者进行肠内营养支持,能提高患者免疫能力,降低术后全身炎性反应,有利于术后恢复,值得推广.     

肠外或肠内营养对消化道肿瘤患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的：比较肠内营养与肠外营养对消化道肿瘤患术后免疫功能的影响。方法：将40例消化道肿瘤患随机分为肠内营养（EN）组肠外营养（PN）组，每组20例，试验周期为7天。术后第2天开始予等热量、等氮量营养支持1周。检测术前和术后第8天患外周血淋巴细胞计数、林巴细胞亚群CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25（IL－2受体）和NK细胞等细胞免疫指标，以及IgG、IgM、IgA、补体C3、C4、CH50和CRP等体液免疫指标。结果：两组患均无严重感染性并发症发生。两组总淋巴细胞计数在术前与术后第8天均无显性变化。EN组CD3、CD4、CRP和IgM水平明显升高，PN组NK细胞水平明显下降，而IgA水平明显升高。结论：术后肠内营养安全且可行。肠内营养可改善T辅助细胞功能，并维持NK细胞的正常水平；而肠外营养可抑制机能的细胞免疫功能。外科 营养对于体液免疫影响不大。     

早期肠内营养对胃胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内营养(EEN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃、胰腺肿瘤术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:胃、胰腺肿瘤病人96例,分为EEN组52例、PN组24例和对照组(常规补液)20例.术后24 h开始给予肠内或肠外营养,检测术前和术后第9 d营养以及免疫指标,观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EEN组和PN组术后体重、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),而EEN组和PN组之间差异无显著性意义;EEN组和PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EEN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05).结论:EEN可明显改善胃、胰腺肿瘤术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

老年恶性消化道肿瘤患者术后应用肠内营养的安全性及疗效

目的 评价老年恶性消化道肿瘤患者术后应用肠内营养支持的安全性及临床疗效。方法 将108例老年恶性消化道肿瘤患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组（45例）、肠外营养（PN）组（45例）及对照组（常规输液）组（18例），EN组术后24小时输注肠内营养液，PN组经外周静脉输注营养液。观察临床和测定营养支持前后患者的血糖、肝肾功能和电解质以及营养和免疫指标的变化。结果 EN组肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组（P＜0．001）；血糖、肝肾功能、电解质、补体C3、C4和总补体溶血活性在各组问差异无显著性；EN、PN组治疗后体重、前白蛋白、白蛋白、IgG、IgM、IgA及C-反应蛋白均显著高于对照组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性；EN组、PN组治疗后CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01），且EN组治疗后CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋亦高于PN组（P＜0．05）。结论 肠内营养安全、实用有效，对体质差、年龄大的恶性消化道肿瘤患者更为适合。     

早期肠内营养在食管癌术后感染预防中的效果研究

目的 观察早期肠内营养对预防食管癌术后感染的效果,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 将100例食管癌手术患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)、肠外营养组(PN组)各50例,术后EN组早期行肠内营养,PN组给予全肠外营养支持;分别于术后第1、8天采用Array360测定仪检测体液免疫指标(血液中IgA、IgG、IgM),采用Beck-man-Coulter Epics XL流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫指标(T淋巴细胞及其亚群、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞).结果 EN组术后发生切口感染、肺部感染、吻合口瘘各1例,PN组分别为4、5、4例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EN组术后第1、8天与PN组术后第1、8天的IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞比较,EN组术后第8天与术后第1天及PN组术后第8天比较,IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞升高(P＜0.05),而CD8+降低(P＜0.05).结论 早期肠内营养可预防食管癌术后感染的发生,可能与其提高机体免疫功能有关.     

探讨危重病早期肠内营养与免疫功能及蛋白质代谢的变化

目的 探讨和评价危重病早期肠内营养（EIN）及生长激素治疗的疗效，为临床提供可靠的预警指标。方法 放射免疫分析法测定危重患者血IgM、IgA、IgG含量及T细胞亚群CD4、CD8、CD4／CD8值。结果 EEN＋生长激素组在各指标变化上均优于其他两组，差异有统计学意义。结论 EEN＋生长激素在危重病治疗中发挥重要作用。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.