减压条件下氯化锌活化油茶果壳活性炭的制备工艺

以油茶果壳为原料,以氯化锌为活化剂,在减压条件下热裂解制备活性炭。探讨氯化锌溶液的质量分数、体系压力、活化温度、活化时间对活性炭吸附性能的影响;通过低温氮气吸-脱附表征了样品的比表面积及孔结构,采用红外光谱仪分析了样品的表面官能团。得到制备该活性炭的最佳工艺条件为:氯化锌溶液的质量分数为60%、料液比1∶3(即每毫克固体物料加入3 m L液体物料,下同)、体系压力为0.05 MPa、活化温度为450℃、活化时间为1 h,在该条件下得到的活性炭碘吸附值为1 120 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为373.16 mg/g,比表面积为2 023.15 m2/g,总孔体积为2.34 cm3/g,平均孔径为4.63 nm。减压条件下制备的活性炭具有优良的吸附性能。     

氯化锌活化生物质炭制备活性炭及其表征

以生物质炭为原料,采用氯化锌活化制备高比表面积微孔生物质活性炭,研究了浸渍比、活化剂浓度、活化温度与活化时间等条件对生物质活性炭吸附性能的影响,利用氮气吸附脱附、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射等技术对生物质活性炭表面微观结构、形貌特征及化学结构进行了分析。结果表明,制备生物质活性炭的适宜工艺条件为：浸渍比为3,活化剂质量分数为40%,活化温度为600℃,活化时间为90min。在该条件下制备的生物质活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附值为213mg/g,超过国家水处理用活性炭一级品标准。经测试生物质活性炭的BET比表面积高达631.2m2/g,平均孔径2.23nm,总孔容为0.352cm3/g;孔隙结构发达,孔径分布狭窄,孔形状为排列整齐的蜂窝状结构,含有大量的微孔,84.4%的孔集中在2nm以内;表面存在醇羟基、羰基、醚、酚等含氧官能团。     

K_2CO_3活化法制备棉纤基活性炭及孔结构分析

以废旧棉纺织品为原材料,K_2CO_3为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备棉纤基活性炭。选取活化温度、浸渍比、浸渍时间和活化时间为影响因子,探讨不同因素对活性炭碘吸附值和得率的影响,通过分析在不同条件下活性炭的比表面积及孔结构,确定棉纤基活性炭的最佳制备条件。结果表明:K_2CO_3活化法制备棉纤基活性炭的最佳条件为活化温度850℃、浸渍比1∶1、浸渍时间24 h、活化时间2 h;在该条件下,活性炭样品比表面积为1 697.38 m2/g,碘吸附值为1 637.47 mg/g,得率为14.15%;样品的中孔和微孔孔容分别为0.56 cm3/g和0.61 cm3/g。废旧棉织物可以制备出性能优良的活性炭,K_2CO_3活化法在优化棉纤基活性炭的制备工艺中是可行的。     

两步法制备竹质活性炭

结合磷酸活化法与氯化锌活化法化制备活性炭,在较低的活化温度下取得了良好的活性炭.活化总时间为60min,磷酸活化温度500 ℃与氯化锌活化温度400 ℃,浸渍率为150%的优化条件下制得的活性炭,其亚甲基蓝脱色力为19 mL,碘吸附值为861 mg/g,孔径集中在4.5 nm,并且比表面积高达1696 m2/g,大孔仅占0.381%.     

复合活化剂制备稻壳活性炭影响因素及特性

以稻壳为原料,ZnCl₂-CuCl₂为复合活化剂,制备稻壳活性炭,并以BET比表面积和吸附性能为指标,通过正交试验对制备的工艺条件进行优化,并对制得的稻壳活性炭采用氮气吸附等温线、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征。结果表明,稻壳可以被制得大比表面积活性炭。影响活性炭比表面积和吸附性能最重要的因素是氯化锌浓度和活化温度,最佳制备工艺条件是氯化锌浓度5 mol/L,氯化铜浓度 0.4 mol/L,活化温度500 ℃,活化时间2 h。该条件下制得的稻壳活性炭比表面积为1 924 m²/g,碘吸附值为1 041 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为 188 mg/g。     

氯化锌活化丝瓜络制备微孔活性炭

以丝瓜络为原料,经氯化锌活化丝瓜络制备微孔活性炭。通过设计正交实验,考察了不同因素氯化锌浓度、活化温度、活化时间和浸泡时间对所制备活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明:最佳工艺条件为活化剂浓度40%、活化温度450℃、活化时间60 min和浸泡时间12 h。在此条件下制备的活性炭孔径分布窄,为多微孔、无定形活性炭,BET比表面积达1 020 m2/g,其吸附碘值、亚甲基蓝值分别达到819.45 mg/g、165.43 mg/g,是一种廉价且吸附性能高的吸附材料。     

化学活化法制枣核基活性炭研究

以陕北清涧红枣核为原料,Zn Cl2为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备了活性炭。研究了浸渍比、活化时间以及活化温度等参数对活性炭收率、碘吸附值以及结构性能的影响。结果表明,在本实验条件下,当氯化锌与原料比为0.8,活化温度为700℃,活化时间为60 min时,所制得的活性炭的碘吸附值达到最高值,为1114.6 mg/g;BET比表面积为1031 m2/g,最高单点吸附总孔体积为0.504 cm3/g,BJH吸附平均孔径为3.364 nm,活性炭的收率为41.6%。     

煤基制备活性炭及其吸附性能研究

采用化学活化法,以太原无烟煤为原料,采用NaOH热解和活化两步法制备了高比表面积煤基活性炭。研究了NaOH与无烟煤比例对HSSAAC孔结构和吸附性能的影响,采用低温氮吸附法测定其比表面积和孔结构。结果表明,最好条件下制备样品比表面积为820.49m2/g,为高比表面积的煤基活性炭,苯酚吸附测试证实样品表现出优异的苯酚吸附性能,吸附值为298mg/g。通过NaOH化学活化方法,太原无烟煤成为具有良好吸附能力的高比表面积活性炭的良好前体。     

微波辐射制备椰壳活性炭的研究

以海南椰子壳为原材料,氯化锌作活化剂,采用微波辐射加热制备了活性炭。研究了微波功率、辐射时间、浸泡时间和ZnCl2质量分数对活性炭吸附性能与产率的影响。通过正交实验优化制备条件,在微波功率800 W、辐射时间9 min、浸泡时间48 h、ZnCl2质量分数50%的条件下,所制得的椰壳活性炭样品碘吸附值为1258.34 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为200.00 mL/g,产率为32.46%,BET比表面积为1395.46 m2/g,总孔容0.7021 cm3/g,孔径集中分布在4～9 nm范围。     

吸附苯酚的桑枝基活性炭制备工艺研究

以桑枝为原料,采用微波氯化锌法制备桑枝基活性炭,在微波功率800 W和氯化锌溶液质量分数50%的条件下,考察微波辐射时间、锌屑比、浸渍时间、氯化锌溶液p H值对活性炭得率和苯酚吸附值的影响。结果表明,制备活性炭的优化工艺条件为:锌屑质量比3∶1,氯化锌溶液p H值2,浸渍时间20 h,微波辐射时间25 min。在此条件下,活性炭的得率为37.4%,苯酚吸附值为138.3 mg/g,Cr6+吸附值为7.877 mg/g。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

基于ATRP法制备的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂的吸硼性能的研究

以大分子引发剂氯乙酰化聚苯乙烯微球(PS-acyl-Cl)经原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法引发丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)单体的共聚接枝,制得一种触角状亲水性环氧载体(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)),再经二乙醇胺(DEA)的环氧基开环胺化反应,得到一种含多个-NCH2CH2OH螯合配基的多齿-五元螯合环的触角状亲水性羟胺树脂(PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA)。将此树脂用于硼吸附研究,结果表明,PS-acyl-g-P(AM-co-GMA)-DEA树脂对硼的吸附满足Langmuir方程,为单分子层吸附;饱和吸附量约为37.7 mg·g-1,且树脂5 min即可达到吸附平衡,与其它已报道的吸硼树脂相比,该树脂具有更高的吸附量和吸硼速率。吸附动力学研究表明,树脂吸附硼的过程主要由颗粒扩散过程控制。重复使用5次后该树脂的吸附量基本不变,解吸率均在90%以上,重复使用性能良好。