双波长HPLC法同时测定咳喘胶囊中绿原酸与黄芩苷

目的 建立同时测定咳喘胶囊(I)中绿原酸与黄芩苷的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。方法 采用双波长HPLC法,以甲醇为流动相A,0.4%磷酸溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱;检测波长为327 nm(绿原酸)、280 nm(黄芩苷),柱温40 ℃,体积流量1.0 mL/min,进样量,10 μL。结果 绿原酸在6.29～41.96 μg线性良好(r＝0.999 9,n=5),黄芩苷在5.78～38.52 μg线性良好(r＝0.999 9,n=5),平均回收率分别为99.7%和100.0%,RSD分别为0.9%和0.9%。结论 本法操作简便,重复性好,可有效控制咳喘胶囊的质量。     

HPLC法测定乙酰谷酰胺中异构体的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定乙酰谷酰胺中异构体N-乙酰-D-谷氨酰胺的含量测定方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱法,直链淀粉-三（S）-α-甲苯基氨基甲酸酯为填充剂（AS-H 4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）手性色谱柱;检测波长210 nm,柱温30 ℃,流动相为正己烷（每1 000 mL加0.5 mL三氟乙酸和0.5 mL三乙胺）：无水乙醇（每1 000 mL中加0.5 mL三氟乙酸和0.5 mL三乙胺）=90:10。结果 浓度在1.289 3~36.099 5 μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.998 2,n=5）,平均回收率94.9%,RSD=1.6%（n=9）,方法的检测限LOD为0.314 6 μg·ml^-1,定量限1.258 4 μg·mL^-1。结论 所用方法专属性强、结果准确、稳定性好,适用于乙酰谷酰胺中异构体N-乙酰-D-谷氨酰胺的检测。     

RP-HPLC法测定田七痛经胶囊中阿魏酸、藁本内酯、欧当归内酯A

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定田七痛经胶囊中阿魏酸、藁本内酯、欧当归内酯A的方法。方法 选用Thermo Acclaim C₁₈色谱柱,Thermo SCIENTIFICSyncronis C₁₈色谱柱;检测波长为321、280 nm;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温35℃结果 阿魏酸、藁本内酯、欧当归内酯A的质量浓度与峰面积分别在1.12～112.30、1.33～132.60、0.96～95.50 μg/mL呈良好的线性关系;回归方程分别为Y=46 335 540 X+44 186.71（r=0.998）,Y=14 514 060 X+8 715.27（r=0.999）,Y= 22 031 250 X+16 472.10（r=0.999）。结论 该方法准确,简便,灵敏,可作为田七痛经胶囊质量控制的方法。     

白蔹药材中大黄素含量的反相高效液相色谱法测定

目的 建立白蔹药材中大黄素含量的测定方法,为完善白蔹药材的质量控制标准提供方法和依据。方法 采用反相高效液相色谱法,色谱柱：Apollo-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）;流动相：甲醇-0.2%磷酸（85:15）;流速：1.0 ml/min;柱温：室温;检测波长：220 nm。结果 在选定的色谱条件下,白蔹药材中大黄素在0.124～3.968 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,直线回归方程为Y=53 962X–966.46,r=0.999 7,平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为2.5%（n=9）。结论 该方法所测结果准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于白蔹药材中大黄素的含量测定。     

格列喹酮片体外溶出度测定方法的建立与溶出曲线评价

目的 建立格列喹酮片体外溶出度HPLC检测方法及溶出曲线评价。方法 色谱柱为Diamonsil@Plus C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相为磷酸二氢铵溶液（取磷酸二氢铵1.725 g,加水300 mL溶解后,用磷酸调节pH值至3.5±0.1）-乙腈（3：5）;体积流量1.0 mL/min;检测波长为310 nm,进样量20 μL,柱温为35℃,外标法计算。结果 空白辅料、溶出介质不干扰测定;格列喹酮在3.13~50.02 μg/mL线性关系良好（r=0.999 8,n=7）;格列喹酮平均回收率为100.2%（RSD=0.83%,n=9）;格列喹酮溶出度溶液在0~24 h内稳定性良好（RSD=0.51%,n=7）;弃去10 mL初滤液后滤膜吸附达到饱和。自研品和参比制剂在7种不同pH溶出介质中溶出行为一致。结论 经方法学考察,反相高效液相色谱法测定格列喹酮片溶出度专属性强,准确可靠,易于操作。     

乌芪舒筋通络片质量标准的研究

目的 建立乌芪舒筋通络片的质量控制方法。方法 用薄层色谱法鉴定方中续断、黄芪、防已、牛膝,用高效液相色谱法测定方中细辛的细辛脂素含量。结果 续断、黄芪、防已、牛膝的薄层色谱法鉴别专属性强,阴性无干扰;细辛脂素在46.05~460.5 ng（r=1.000）内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为100.4%（n=9）,RSD为1.86%。结论 本方法简便,专属性强,重复性好,可作为乌芪舒筋通络片的质量标准。     

一测多评法测定安神宁中4个木脂素含量

目的 建立测定安神宁中4个木脂素含量的一测多评方法(QAMS)。方法 采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）外标法,同时测定安神宁中五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子甲素、五味子乙素含量,并以五味子醇甲为内参物,建立一测多评法同时测定四个成分含量。结果 五味子醇甲、五味子醇乙、五味子甲素、五味子乙素分别在0.020 7～1.657 6 μg（r=0.999 9）、0.009 8～0.784 6 μg（r=0.999 9）、0.008 2～0.652 2 μg（r=0.999 9）、0.008 1～0.645 8 μg（r=0.999 9）范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.52%、103.43%、109.69%、107.92%,校正因子重现性良好,校正因子法与外标法测定值之间无显著差异。结论 该方法准确、可靠,重复性好,一测多评法可用于安神宁的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定肌瘤化消颗粒中淫羊藿苷和丹参酮ⅡA

目的 建立测定肌瘤化消颗粒中淫羊藿苷和丹参酮II_A的HPLC法。方法 采用高效液相色谱法,Diamonsil^TM C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-水,梯度洗脱;检测波长为270 nm;柱温为40℃;体积流量为1.0 mL/min;进样量10 μL。结果 淫羊藿苷在7.5～50 μg、丹参酮II_A在3～20 μg与峰面积的线性良好（r=0.999 9）。平均回收率分别为100.2%、100.1%,RSD值分别为0.9%、1.3%（n=9）。结论 本法操作简便,重现性好,可有效控制肌瘤化消颗粒的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测定经舒胶囊中芍药苷的含量

摘 要 目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定经舒胶囊中芍药苷含量的方法。方法: 采用Inertsil ODS-VP色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;以乙腈-水（12∶88）为流动相;柱温：40℃;流速：1.0ml·min^-1;检测波长：230 nm。结果:在建立的色谱条件下,芍药苷进样量在0.120～0.482 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为100.45%(RSD=1.77%,n=9)。结论:方法简便可靠,分离度好,可用于经舒胶囊芍药苷的含量测定。     

HPLC测定肾炎宁片中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及雷公藤甲素的含量

目的 建立HPLC测定肾炎宁片中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚及雷公藤甲素的含量。方法 大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的测定采用流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸（70∶30）,检测波长为254 nm;雷公藤甲素采用流动相为乙腈-水（25∶75）,检测波长为220 nm;两者均采用Lichrospher-C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 mm）,流速均为1.0 ml·min^-1。结果 大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚以及雷公藤甲素分别在1.83~14.64 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,2.895~23.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）,7.625~61.00 μg·ml^-1 （r=0.999 8）以及1.52~24.32 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 6）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,大黄酸平均回收率为103.2%,RSD=1.73% （n=9）;大黄素平均回收率为98.6%,RSD=3.94%（n=9）;大黄酚平均回收率为98.3%,RSD=2.54%（n=9）;雷公藤甲素平均回收率为99.61%,RSD=2.83%（n=9）。结论 本方法准确、可靠、专属性强,可作为该制剂的定量控制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.