对转式垂直轴风力机气动性能研究

为了改进漂浮独立式垂直轴风力机的气动和稳定性能,提出风力机的新型结构设计理念,即同轴对转式垂直轴风力机.基于计算流体力学理论,借助雷诺时均剪切应力传输RANS SST k-m湍流模型对风力机进行数值模拟,并结合涡流理论,比较对转式与独立式垂直轴风力机在不同叶尖速比(TSR)时的气动和稳定性能.结果表明,相同流场条件下,...     

涡流发生器布置位置对小型垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

为提高垂直轴风力机的气动性能,针对小型双叶片H型垂直轴风力机,提出3种涡流发生器在叶片表面安装位置方案。建立风力机整机仿真模型并进行了网格独立性验证。利用ANYSY FLUENT软件对垂直轴风力机进行三维流体力学仿真研究。研究结果表明:在上风区叶片内表面和下风区叶片外表面加装涡流发生器均可提高叶片的转矩系数,但分析流场显示下风区流场紊乱,下风区叶片外表面加装涡流发生器提升效果变差。3种方案中,叶片内外表面加装涡流发生器时垂直轴风力机风能利用率C_P提升效果最好,与原型风力机相比C_P提升6.4%。     

小型H型垂直轴风力机变桨机构的优化设计与试验

为解决现有垂直轴风力机风能利用率较低的问题,以获得风轮最大切向力为目标,分别获得了风轮上风区和下风区叶片的最佳理论攻角为8°和-8°,计算出了叶片一周桨距角调节策略。在此基础上,采用随机方向法对双曲柄变桨机构进行了优化设计,得到了不同叶尖速比下变桨机构的参数组合。为验证垂直轴风轮变桨机构的合理性,以叶尖速比2为例,利用ADAMS软件对变桨机构模型进行了运动学特性仿真,并采用旋转测角法对叶片桨距角变化曲线进行了数据拟合,计算结果显示:实际桨距角变化曲线与理想变桨曲线的贴合程度较高。风洞试验进一步证明:所设计的变桨距垂直轴风力机具有更好的自启动性能,且在现有风速下比定桨距垂直轴风力机的发电效率至少提高了7.86%。     

垂直轴风力机尾缘开裂襟翼气动性能及其偏转角调节规律

为提高垂直轴风力机的气动性能,提出在小型3叶片垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘加装开裂襟翼的设计方案。首先,根据CFD数值模拟和正交设计得到偏转角对风力机气动性能影响最大;然后,进一步分析了叶尖速比分别为1.5和2.5时襟翼偏转角对风力机气动性能的影响和增升机理;最后,提出了襟翼偏转角调节规律。研究结果表明:襟翼的较优参数组合为长度l=20%c、偏转角β=10°和布置位置t=90%c。当叶尖速比TSR分别为1.5和2.5时,较小的襟翼偏转角(0°β10°)能提升叶片平均切向力系数CTavg,其中,襟翼偏转角β=10°时,风力机的风能利用率CP分别提升了7.7%和4.6%;与原型风力机相比,应用襟翼偏转角调节规律后,风能利用率CP分别提升12.4%和10.4%。     

叶尖开孔对风力机流场的影响研究

以NREL Phase VI叶片的1/8缩比模型为研究对象,在叶片叶尖区域设计由前缘到叶尖端面的3个环形通气孔,改变叶尖流场分布.采用CFD的方法,通过转速变化分析叶尖表面的压力分布情况及其叶尖涡的发展过程,进而研究叶尖开孔对风力机叶尖涡的影响.研究结果表明:转速低于900 r/min时,叶尖开孔对叶片气动性能影响不大;而转速高于900 r/min时,叶尖开孔可降低涡核强度,加速叶尖涡耗散,提高叶片气动效率.从环形通气孔中喷射的气流对来流有明显的抑制作用,能够减小尾流区内的轴向速度.在加速叶尖涡的耗散和降低叶尖涡的强度方面,风力机叶尖处开孔在转速超过900 r/min以上时被视为一种比较有效的设计.     

密实度对10 MW垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

为研究密实度对10 MW级直叶片垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响,采用计算流体力学的方法,对二维非定常流场进行数值模拟,通过重叠网格技术对旋转域运动结果进行分析与研究,重点分析了叶片数量和弦长这两个影响密实度的重要参数对风力机能量利用率的影响。研究结果表明：叶片数量和弦长的变化均会对垂直轴风力机气动性能产生影响,且改变叶片数量产生的影响更加明显。研究结果为风力机参数选择提供了参考依据。     

分布式能源用垂直轴风力机气动特性的 对比分析

为便于分析现有不同结构风力机性能特点,建立3种结构垂直轴风力机模型.基于ANSYS Workbench中流场计算模块CFX分别对3种模型进行流场仿真分析,从不同的方面对比了3种风力机模型的流场特性差异.对3种机型的受力分析,得出阻力与升力随叶尖速比变化的对比关系以及风轮放置形式对升力与阻力的影响.通过风力机参数研究,得出3种机型的风能利用系数与转矩系数曲线,并对3种机型的这2种参数曲线做了对比.此外,还分析和对比了3种风力机不同位置处的相对流速和压强分布规律,提出了Jensen尾流模型的压强表述.总之,该研究成果能为分布式能源用垂直轴风力机的优化设计和对比提供了借鉴和参考.     

基于叶素动量理论的水平轴风力机叶片设计方法

针对叶素动量理论在实际运用中存在的问题,对叶素动量理论进行较系统的分析,认为其有两种计算模型.以模型Ⅰ为例,提出两种计算流程,建立以风轮运行风速范围内风能利用系数最大,以叶片弦长、叶尖速比为设计变量的优化设计模型,计算中考虑分段叶尖损失计算方法.针对8kW水平轴风力机叶片的计算表明,计算方法稳定、可行.根据设计要求,对叶片弦长、叶尖速比进行优化设计.通过计算获得叶片结构参数和叶片性能参数随叶片展向、风速的变化关系,同时获得风力机的最佳运行风速范围.计算结果可为风力机叶片设计和评估提供参考.     

导叶对涡轮型垂直轴风力机气动性能的影响

针对传统垂直轴风力机效率低的缺陷,阐述带导叶垂直轴风力机的结构优势,并分析导叶对涡轮型垂直轴风力机的作用。应用计算流体力学理论,在设计风速12 m／s下,采用滑移网格技术及 k-ε 模型对有、无导叶两种涡轮型垂直轴风力机的气动性能进行比较。研究表明,导叶可以有效降低由于来流对逆风区叶片吸力面的直接冲击而造成的阻力扭矩,也会负面影响顺风区叶片的性能,但其负作用效果远不及在逆风区挡流降阻的正作用效果,故加导叶后风轮的性能会有很大提高。带弧线形导叶涡轮型垂直轴风力机最大风能利用系数可达0.24,具有工作范围广、最佳尖速比大的特点。     

一种新型结构叶片对风力机气动性能的影响

针对风力机在旋转过程中产生的叶尖涡影响风力机本身以及下游风力机气动性能的问题,提出了一种控制叶尖涡的策略,以减小叶尖涡对风力机本身及下游风力机气动性能的影响.以PhaseⅥ叶片的1/8模型为原始模型,在叶尖处和轮毂处同时开洞,用管道将洞连接的模型称作新模型.采用数值模拟的方法对来流风速从6 m/s到20 m/s的15个工况下原始模型和新模型风力机进行了对比分析,结果表明:在低风速下原始模型和新模型气动性能几乎一样,即新模型对叶片气动性能影响很小,尾流扩散速度也相近;但随着来流风速的增大新模型对风力机气动性能的影响也随之增大,新模型风轮功率比原始模型风轮功率有明显提高,尾流在风轮旋转平面内扩散速度变快,在来流方向传播距离变短.新模型尾流可以减小对下游风力机的影响,提升了风电场风能的利用效率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.