帕金森病患者的记忆障碍

采用 临床记忆量表 甲套及简明精神状态检查表 ( MMSE)对 60例帕金森病 ( PD)患者进行测试。结果 :PD组记忆商 ( MQ)在 89以下者 4 8例 ( 80 % ) ,较正常人明显增多 ( P<0 .0 1)。60～ 69岁及 70～ 79岁两年龄组的联想学习等反映语文记忆的分测验成绩均显著低于常模组 ( P<0 .0 1) ,无意义图形再认成绩与常模组相近。老年 PD组的 MQ显著好于非老年 PD组 ( P<0 .0 5)。MQ在 69以下者 2 1例 ,痴呆 5例 ;MQ在 70以上者 39例 ,痴呆仅 1例。提示 PD患者有明显记忆障碍 ;PD的记忆损害以左半球为主 ;记忆损害越明显 ,痴呆发生率就越高     

单纯脑白质疏松症与脑白质疏松症合并脑梗死记忆障碍的对比研究

目的 探讨单纯脑白质疏松症(LA)记忆障碍特征及合并脑梗死(CI)对LA记忆障碍的影响。方法 用临床记忆量表对30例单纯LA患者,30例LA+CI患者及30例健康老年人进行记忆测查,同时对LA患者进行简明精神状态检查表(MMSE)测查。结果 单纯LA组各项记忆量表分及MQ均明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01),其中图象自由回忆,人像特点联想回忆下降明显;LA+CI组与单纯LA组比较,各项记忆量表分及MQ均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中指向记忆下降最明显;MQ≤79者痴呆发生率低于MQ≤69者(P<0.05),符合痴呆者7例均属LA+CI组,单纯LA组无痴呆发生。结论 单纯LA患者有明显的记忆障碍,其记忆损害既有主动回忆困难也有再认障碍,但无痴呆发生。合并脑梗死加重记忆障碍,脑梗死的存在对LA记忆障碍中的主动回忆困难影响更大,同时增加痴呆发生率,且记忆损害越重,痴呆发生率越高。     

语词记忆能力的评定——一个简便的测验方法

报告一个语词学习和记忆能力测验方法,测定了37例器质性脑损害患者并与110例正常人比较,显示器质性脑损害者语词铭记、保持、再现能力均有损害。左半球损害者较右半球损害者成绩更差。认为该测验可用作语词短时与长时记忆能力的评定。     

老年脑梗死患者早期记忆障碍特点研究

目的探讨老年脑梗死患者早期记忆障碍的特点。方法前瞻性收集老年脑梗死患者76例,根据头颅MRI病灶部位分为额叶、颞叶、顶枕叶、小脑、基底节、脑干等亚组,根据病灶大小及数量分为大梗死、中梗死、小梗死、腔隙性梗死和多发性梗死等亚组;以同期健康体检者76名为健康对照。分别对脑梗死组及对照组应用蒙特利尔认知评价表(MoCA)评定认知功能,临床记忆量表(CMS)、Fuld物体记忆测验(FOM)、言语流畅性测验(RVR)评定记忆功能。结果 76例脑梗死患者中44例(57.9%)MoCA评分26分。与对照组相比,脑梗死组及其亚组额叶、颞叶、顶枕叶、基底节组MoCA评分及各项记忆功能评分下降(P0.01);脑梗死各亚组中,额叶、颞叶、顶枕叶及基底节组之间两两比较,额叶、颞叶、顶枕叶组记忆商(MQ)、FOM、RVR评分较基底节组下降(P0.05);额叶、颞叶、顶枕叶组各项记忆功能评分无明显差别(P0.05);各亚组不同病灶类型相比,额叶及颞叶梗死亚组中,中梗死组各项记忆功能评分均低于小梗死和腔隙性梗死组(P0.01),小梗死组各项记忆功能评分均低于腔隙性梗死组(P0.01);顶枕叶及基底节梗死亚组中,中梗死组各项记忆功能评分均低于小梗死组和腔隙性梗死组(P0.01),小梗死组与腔隙性梗死组比较,各项记忆功能差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年脑梗死患者早期认知功能下降发生率较高,其记忆障碍表现及记忆功能损害程度与梗死灶部位及大小有关。     

帕金森病抑郁情绪对记忆功能影响的研究

目的 :探讨帕金森病 (PD)情绪抑郁与记忆障碍的关系。方法 :采用《临床记忆量表》甲式进行PD患者的记忆测定 ,并与对照组比较 ,Zung氏抑郁自评量表 (SDS)测定被试的情绪状态。Webster功能评分法评定病例组病情。结果 :病例组记忆的各项分测验成绩及记忆商 (MQ)均显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;PD抑郁的发生率为51 7% ,其抑郁情绪与临床功能障碍程度相关 ;PD病例中抑郁组与非抑郁组记忆比较 ,除无意义图形再认有差异(P <0 0 5)外 ,其它各项分测验及MQ差异非常显著。结论 :PD患者有明显记忆障碍 ,其记忆障碍与患者的抑郁情绪有一定关系。     

抑郁症首次发病患者认知功能的研究

目的探讨抑郁症首次发病(以下简称首发)患者的认知功能特点及其影响因素。方法采用韦氏成人智力量表、韦氏记忆量表、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)分别评定116例首发抑郁症患者(抑郁症组)和41名健康人(对照组)的认知状况,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(24项,HAMD)评定病情严重程度。对影响神经心理学测验成绩的临床症状进行逐步多元回归分析。结果(1)抑郁症组的长时记忆[(35.28±7.27)分]、短时记忆[(51.32±13.41)分]、记忆商数[(89.46±17.84)]、语言智商数[(110.96±13.72)]、操作智商数[101.90±15.98)]、智商数[(107.41±15.78)]均明显低于对照组[长时记忆(44.05±5.06)分,短时记忆(71.41±8.51)分,记忆商数(121.90±11.26),语言智商数(117.49±10.99),操作智商数(117.24±10.54),智商数[(118.98±10.95)],差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。抑郁症组的WCST总测验数[(74.70±27.96)个]、持续错误数[(26.07±15.31)个]、随机错误数[(24.46±17.54)个]均明显高于对照组[WCST总测验数(60.15±23.05)个,持续错误数(17.56±11.44)个,随机错误数(17.73±14.27)个],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或<0.05)。抑郁症组长时记忆成绩、短时记忆成绩和记忆商数低于对照组2个标准差。(2)逐步多元回归分析显示,抑郁症患者的长时记忆成绩及记忆商数与绝望感因子分均呈负相关(均P=0.00),短时记忆成绩和即刻记忆成绩与阻滞因子分均呈负相关(均P=0.00),语言智商与焦虑/躯体化因子分呈负相关(P=0.01),操作智商及智商与HAMD总分均呈负相关(均P=0.01),WCST总测验数和持续错误数与HAMD总分均呈正相关(P=0.01,P=0.02),随机错误数与阻滞因子分呈正相关(P=0.02)。结论首发抑郁症患者急性期的记忆、语言智商、操作智商和执行功能明显减退,临床症状严重程度影响认知功能的改变。     

单纯脑白质疏松症与皮质下动脉硬化性脑病患者记忆障碍的对比研究

目的比较单纯脑白质疏松症(LA)与皮质下动脉硬化性脑病(SAE)患者记忆障碍的特征。方法采用临床记忆量表对单纯LA、SAE患者各30例进行记忆功能检测及简易精神状态量表(MMSE)检测,并与30名健康老年人比较。结果单纯LA组患者各项记忆量表成绩及记忆商(MQ)均明显低于健康对照组(均P<0.01),其中图像自由回忆(12±5)、人像特点联系回忆(16±5)下降明显;单纯LA组各项记忆量表成绩及MQ均高于SAE组(P<0.05～0.01),其中SAE组患者指向记忆(10±7)、联想学习(14±5)明显下降;单纯LA组无痴呆发生,SAE组22例MMSE≤19分,痴呆发生率73.33%;MQ>70的患者痴呆发生率明显低于MQ≤69的患者(P<0.01)。结论(1)单纯LA组患者有明显记忆障碍,但程度明显轻于SAE患者;(2)单纯LA组患者无痴呆发生,SAE组痴呆发生率高,且与记忆损害程度成正比。     

35例老年人的18F-FDG SPECT符合线路脑代谢显像与记忆智力

目的探讨老年人脑代谢显像与记忆、智力的关系,为神经心理测验与脑代谢显像结合评估脑功能积累经验.方法自述记忆下降的老年人35例,全部作18F-FDG SPECT符合线路、MR、韦氏记忆、瞬时/延时记忆测验以及简易智力精神状态检查.按脑代谢正常及损害程度分为3组,比较各组记忆、智力差异.结果三组的瞬时/延时记忆测验、1分钟遗忘率以及MQ＞90例数均显示代谢损害组的成绩较差(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),MMSE差别不明显(P＞0.05).结论大脑糖代谢状况与记忆测验成绩呈正相关关系.记忆功能较智力对大脑糖代谢损害更为敏感.     

老年脑梗塞与记忆障碍研究

探讨老年脑梗塞与记忆障碍的关系。　　方法　选择 40例老年脑梗塞病人作试验组 ,以 3 0例正常老年人作对照组 ,用临床记忆量表检测。　　结果　 ( 1 )试验组各项记忆成绩均明显低于对照组 ;( 2 )左侧梗塞者联想学习成绩低于右侧者 ,而无意义图形再认成绩右侧低于左侧 ;( 3 )皮层与皮层下梗塞均可致记忆障碍 ,但前者影响更为显著 ;( 4)单灶与多灶梗塞相比 ,除无意义图形再认与人像特点联系回忆外 ,其余成绩后者均低于前者 ;( 5)高血压病史 >5年、合并甲状腺功能亢进、合并糖尿病或脑梗塞发病次数≥ 2次者 ,其记忆商数均明显降低 ,但合并心脏病者无显著差异。结论　老年脑梗塞有明显记忆障碍 ,且具有许多不同的特点     

血管性认知功能障碍的评估：中华成人智力量表的临床应用与建议

目的 考查中华成人智力量表（ISCA）在血管性认知功能障碍评估中的应用价值.方法 使用ISCA测验64例脑梗死患者,并将成绩与64名健康配对者进行比较.结果 脑梗死组的数字符号、积木构图等6项分测验量表分低于配对者,3项智商低于配对者,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.常识测验、图形推理等6项分测验量表分低于配对组,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.脑梗死组可疑损伤（低于一个标准差）的人数多于配对者,其中,与相似概括、数字符号、积木构图3项测验量表分和操作智商对应的可疑损伤人数（脑梗死组/配对组）分别为16/5、26/7、21/5和24/11,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.ISCA核心分测验和三个量表在脑梗死中应用的Cronbach＇s α系数均＞0.80.结论 ISCA能为血管性认知障碍的评估提供有用的、可信的资料.     

Clinical relevance of memory performance during Wada is stimulus type dependent

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether different types of memory stimulus provide different information during the Wada or intracarotid amytal procedure (IAP) in patients with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). METHODS: Eighty nine surgical candidates with documented MTLE and selected for left hemispheric language dominance underwent memory assessment with verbal and dually encodable stimuli during a presurgical IAP. RESULTS: The overall IAP memory performance with the left hemisphere is significantly better than with the right hemisphere regardless of lesion side. This can be explained by the left hemispheric advantage of encoding all stimuli, whereas the right hemisphere has only limited resources to encode verbal stimuli. More importantly, it appeared that dually encodable items remain more readily recognised following injection ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas verbal items are always better recognised following right hemisphere injection regardless of lesion side. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal IAP stimuli show left hemispheric sensitivity in left language dominant MTLE patients. The dually encodable items of the IAP appear lesion sensitive.     

Body side of motor symptom onset in Parkinson's disease is associated with memory performance.

The relation of body side of motor symptom onset in Parkinson's disease (PD) to memory measures associated with hemispheric dominance was examined. Fourteen patients with right body side motor symptom onset (RPD, inferred left hemisphere dysfunction) and 16 patients with left side onset (LPD, right hemisphere dysfunction) were administered measures of verbal (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised) and visual memory (Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised), that require similar task demands and are associated with left or right hemisphere dominance, respectively. The LPD group demonstrated poorer visual than verbal memory, both within group and in comparison to the RPD group. By contrast, the RPD group showed poorer verbal than visual memory within group. These findings suggest that side of motor symptom onset is associated with asymmetrical memory dysfunction.     

Semantic memory in partial epilepsy: verbal and non-verbal deficits and neuroanatomical relationships

Semantic memory was evaluated in 124 epilepsy patients, including 84 with left (n=44) or right temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) (n=40) and 40 with left (n=25) or right frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) (n=15), in order to determine their verbal and visual deficits, and the neuroanatomical relationships between them. The controls were 35 healthy subjects. Semantic memory was assessed by means of Picture Naming, Picture Pointing, the verbal Pyramid and Palm Trees Test (PPTT), the visual PPTT, Object Decision Hard, and Drawing From Memory. Episodic memory was assessed by means of the Short Story, Rey's Complex Figure, the Verbal and Visual Selective Reminding Procedure and Brown-Peterson Procedure. Factor analysis of the epilepsy patients distinguished their semantic memory scores from other neuropsychological domains. The semantic memory factor was significantly related to the side of the epileptic region, with lower scores in the left hemisphere and left TLE patients. In comparison with the controls, the left TLE patients were significantly impaired on Picture Naming, Picture Pointing, and Object Decision Hard. Subsequent analyses showed that, in comparison with the controls and the right TLE patients, the left TLE patients with lateral temporal lobe lesions were impaired in Picture Naming whereas, in comparison with the controls, the left TLE patients with mesial temporal lobe lesions were impaired in Object Decision Hard. On the contrary, the episodic memory factor was not related to the side of the epileptic region, and a few material-specific tests revealed opposite impairments in the left and right hemisphere patients. These results show that left TLE may cause semantic memory deficits involving verbal and visual information. Unlike the material-specific pattern of episodic memory, this pattern of impairment is in line with the view of an amodal semantic store in which all of the information about a thing overlaps. The semantic memory impairment may reflect damage in the lateral and mesial temporal lobe regions that impair neocortical functions in storing and retrieving information or hippocampal functions in processing meaningful stimuli.     

Impaired grating discrimination following right hemisphere damage

We investigated the effect of unilateral brain lesions on visual discrimination of low-, middle- and high-frequency gratings. The performance of patients with right hemisphere lesions was significantly impaired compared with that of both controls and patients with left hemisphere lesions. This impairment was largely limited to patients with right posterior hemispheric lesions and was present with all spatial frequencies. These findings run counter to the hypothesis that high and low spatial frequencies are preferentially processed by different hemispheres.     

Medial temporal fMRI activation reflects memory lateralization and memory performance in patients with epilepsy

Memory difficulties are a frequent cognitive complaint of patients with chronic epilepsy. Previous studies have suggested that the presence of a seizure focus causes reorganization of brain mechanisms underlying memory function. Here we examine whether seizure onset in the left hemisphere and onset in the right hemisphere have different effects on memory lateralization and whether longer duration of epilepsy is associated with increased lateralization of memory functions to the unaffected hemisphere. We hypothesized that hemisphere of onset and duration of epilepsy would influence plasticity of memory mechanisms, similar to the plasticity observed for language mechanisms. Healthy controls (HC, N = 10) and patients with epilepsy (N = 23, 11 with a left- and 12 with a right-hemisphere focus) performed a scene-encoding fMRI task at 4 T. Active voxels (relative to scrambled image viewing) were identified for each participant. Memory laterality indices (LIs) were calculated in three regions of interest (ROIs) designed on the basis of HC group data: a functional ROI, an anatomical-hippocampal ROI, and an anatomical-medial temporal ROI encompassing hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. In healthy controls, LIs were suggestive of slight left lateralization of encoding memory for pictures. Patients with right hemisphere epilepsy showed a nonsignificant increase in degree of left lateralization. In contrast, patients with left hemispheric epilepsy showed right-lateralized activation, differing significantly from controls and from patients with right hemispheric epilepsy. Neuropsychological measures of memory (WMS-III Story Recall) across epilepsy patients predicted LIs in the anatomical ROIs: higher scores were associated with more left-lateralized medial temporal fMRI activation. Neither age of onset nor duration of epilepsy was significantly related to LI. These results indicate that focal epilepsy may influence the functional neuroanatomy of memory function.     

Hemianopia, hemianaesthesia, and hemiplegia after right and left hemisphere damage. A hemispheric difference.

The incidence of somatosensory, visual half-field and motor deficits contralateral to a hemispheric lesion in a continuous series of 154 left brain damaged and 144 right brain damaged stroke patients were investigated. These contralateral disorders were more frequent after lesions of the right hemisphere. This difference cannot be attributed to a bias in patients' selection. It is suggested that left spatial neglect is the factor underlying this hemispheric difference.     

Hemisphere-dependent Cognitive Performances in Epileptic Patients

Short-term memory (STM), long-term memory (LTM), and recency judgment were investigated in 75 right-handed nonaphasic patients without visual deficits who had epileptic foci localized in one of four different regions of the brain: right temporal lobe, left temporal lobe, right frontal lobe, and left frontal lobe. The results led to the following conclusions: (1) left temporal lesions yielded comparatively greater impairment for the verbal LTM task, whereas right temporal lesions were more disruptive for the spatial LTM task; (2) no significant differences between left- and right-brain-damaged patients in STM tasks were obtained; (3) left frontal lesions yielded deficits in a recency task in accordance with hemispheric specialization; (4) only prolonged epileptic syndromes impaired neuropsychological performance in those tests; (5) comparisons between male and female patients and between those with and without clear evidence of a structural lesion did not reach statistical significance.     

Contralateral and ipsilateral disorders of visual attention in patients with unilateral brain damage.

To explain the prevalence of unilateral spatial neglect in patients with right brain damage, Heilman et al have suggested that the attentional neurons of the right parietal lobe might have bilateral receptive fields, whereas the homologous cells of the left hemisphere would have strictly contralateral receptive fields. One implication of this theory is that patients with right brain damage should show a prevalence of disorders of visual attention not only in the half space contralateral to the damaged hemisphere, but also in the ipsilateral one. To check this theory, 50 control subjects, 102 right and 125 left brain-damaged patients were given a drawing completion task in which patients were requested to complete the missing parts of a star, a cube and a house. Omissions of lines lying on the sides of the models contralateral and ipsilateral to the damaged hemisphere were taken separately into account. Results did not confirm the hypothesis, since right brain-damaged patients failed to complete the contralateral sides of the models much more frequently than patients with left brain injury, but no difference was found between the two hemispheric groups when ipsilateral disorders of visual attention were taken into account. Furthermore, no correlation was found between omissions of lines lying on the sides of the models contralateral and ipsilateral to the damaged hemisphere. This finding suggests that contralateral and ipsilateral disorders of visual attention are not due to the same mechanism in right brain-damaged patients. The alternative hypothesis viewing ipsilateral disorders as resulting from a widespread lowering of general attention (and only contralateral neglect reflecting a specific disorder of visual attention) was supported by results obtained on a verbal memory test, used to evaluate the general cognitive and attention level of the patients. Patients with clear-cut ipislateral inattention obtained very low scores on this test, whereas patients with severe contralateral neglect, but not ipislateral inattention scored within the normal range on the verbal memory test.     

Categorical and coordinate spatial representations within object-location memory

An important aspect of spatial memory is the ability to remember the positions of objects around us. There is evidence that spatial information can be represented in different ways, involving a coordinate representation (fine-grained, metric information) and a categorical representation (above/below, right/left relations). The current study is aimed at investigating possible lateralization effects for categorical and coordinate information when encoding position information alone and when integrating position information and object information in memory. Twenty-five patients who had suffered from a stroke and 36 healthy controls were tested with different tests assessing categorical and coordinate position memory, and categorical and coordinate object-to-position memory. The identity task that was used by (Laeng, 1994) was included as well as a control task for measuring lateralization effect for categorical and coordinate information. Moreover, object-recognition and visuo-spatial perception were assessed. The results showed that processing categorical and coordinate spatial information were impaired by a lesion in the left and right hemisphere, respectively. No lateralization effects were found when spatial information had to be integrated with object information. These results bear on the functional components of object-location memory and their underlying hemispheric basis.     

Memory functions in aphasic and non-aphasic stroke patients

Abstract

We studied selected memory functions in 15 left-hemisphere stroke patients with aphasia, five non-aphasic left-hemisphere stroke patients, 16 right-hemisphere stroke patients and 10 normal controls. Memory was tested systematically for immediate recall of digits and letters, short-term (15 s) recognition of auditory and visual words and of non-verbal designs, and long-term (15 s) recognition of auditory and visual words. CT scan lesion localizations were recorded for all stroke patients. The aphasic group was deficient on immediate and short-term auditory and visual verbal memory tasks, while the right hemisphere group was inferior on both visual non-verbal patterns. Of non-aphasic left-hemisphere stroke patients, only a single patient with a left temporo-occipital lesion showed immediate and short-term verbal memory deficits. Right and left hemisphere aphasic stroke patients with isolated subcortical lesions demonstrated memory impairment, though to a lesser extent than patients with cortical lesions. All groups of stroke patients were deficient on long-term auditory and visual verbal memory. The results are discussed in terms of cerebral localization of memory functions and of the relationships of aphasia to memory dysfunction.