晚期喉癌下咽癌术后缺损的修复

目的总结分析晚期喉癌下咽癌术后的舌部、咽喉部、颈段食管及颈部皮肤等组织缺损的修复经验。方法2005年1月~2012年12月共手术治疗喉癌、下咽癌患者177例,男147例,女30例。年龄42~75岁,中位年龄51岁。其中首次治疗的IV期喉癌49例、IV期下咽癌44例、复发喉癌55例和复发下咽癌29例。原发灶切除：全喉+全下咽切除88例,全喉+全下咽+舌根切除29例,全喉+全下咽+颈段食管切除33例,全喉+全下咽+颈段食管切除+颈部皮肤切除26例,全舌+全下咽+全喉+颈段食管切除+颈部皮肤切除1例。缺损类型及修复材料：下咽近环周缺损120例患者行单一皮瓣修复,其中颏下皮瓣25例、胸大肌肌皮瓣53例、股前外侧皮瓣42例。下咽环周缺损57例患者行单一皮瓣修复下咽环周缺损15例,包括股前外侧皮瓣9例和胸大肌肌皮瓣6例;行游离空肠瓣修复下咽环周缺损合并口咽、颈段食道缺损者21例;联合应用游离空肠瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣或（和）股前外侧皮瓣修复下咽环周缺损合并舌、口咽、颈段食道缺损或（和）颈部皮肤组织缺损者10例;采用胃上徙管胃成形修复下咽合并全食道缺损11例。术后放疗95例,组织瓣无放射性坏死。结果一次手术成功率92.1%（163/177）;修复瓣坏死14例患者行再次修复手术成功,包括空肠4例,另一侧胸大肌皮瓣6例,另一侧游离股前外侧皮瓣4例。咽瘘经换药后愈合6例。无手术死亡病例。咽部及造瘘口复发13例（再手术7例,放化疗6例）,食管二重癌5例予以放化疗,颈部淋巴结复发17例（再手术9例,放化疗8例）。肺转移6例,肝转移2例,多个远处转移4例,局部复发并远处转移7例。局部复发死亡23例,远处转移死亡12例。全组3年生存率50.4%;5年生存率39.4%。结论①晚期和复发的喉癌及下咽癌术后软组织缺损,需根据患者的缺损范围和身体状况选择自体修复材料;②复杂的多重组织和器官的缺损需要用多种自身材料叠加修复以重建上消化道;③密切观察游离组织瓣的血运状况,及早处理坏死的组织瓣并重新修复,以确保伤口尽快愈合。     

喉癌下咽癌患者下咽及颈段食管术后缺损的修复方法

目的 :探讨喉癌下咽癌患者下咽或下咽及颈段食管术后缺损的修复方法。方法 :对保留喉功能的下咽术后缺损 9例 (伴颈段食管部分切除 3例 ,颈段食管癌行食管全切除 1例 ) ,用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复 4例 ,直接修复 4例 ,胃咽吻合术 1例。不保留喉功能 2 0例 (伴颈段食管部分切除 2例 ) ,舌瓣修复 16例 ,喉组织瓣 2例 ,胸大肌肌皮瓣与胸骨舌骨肌筋膜瓣联合重建下咽 2例。结果 :术后 8例Ⅰ期恢复吞咽及喉功能 ,1例下咽狭窄 ,Ⅱ期行残喉切除。余 2 0例中 16例Ⅰ期恢复吞咽功能 ,1例下咽狭窄经扩张进食 ,3例咽瘘 ,其中 1例咽瘘行Ⅱ期胃咽吻合术。 1、3及 5年的生存率分别为 92 %、6 4 .7%和 4 6 .2 %。结论 :保留喉功能的下咽或下咽及颈段食管缺损可直接修复或采用胸大肌皮瓣修复 ,不保留喉功能者 ,可采用舌瓣、胸大肌皮瓣修复或咽胃吻合术。肌皮瓣和肌筋膜瓣联合重建全下咽易引起下咽狭窄或咽瘘     

喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌缺损外科修复比较

目的探索喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌缺损外科修复的治疗效果。方法对18例喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌实施外科治疗。其中Ⅰ型7例,颈部单纯切口,胸大肌肌皮瓣修复颈部皮肤气管造瘘口缺损;Ⅱ型6例,颈肢或胸联合切口,前臂皮瓣或胸大肌肌皮瓣(游离前臂皮瓣5例,胸大肌肌皮瓣1例)修复部分喉咽切除;Ⅲ型3例,颈腹联合切口,游离空肠修复全喉咽、颈段食管;Ⅳ型2例,颈胸腹联合切口,胃上拉修复全喉咽、全食管。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型的颈部皮肤气管造瘘口缺损均用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。结果颈部缺损胸大肌肌皮瓣均成活;咽瘘4例(其中游离空肠1例,前臂皮瓣2例,胃上拉咽瘘出血1例);全部病例术后均能进食;随访6～74个月,3例出现不同程度吞咽梗阻。结论喉全切除后气管造瘘口复发癌外科治疗缺损,修复选择应根据原发肿瘤治疗的经过及气管造瘘口复发癌侵及范围来确定修复方法。     

晚期下咽癌、喉复发癌术后颈部缺损整复组织的选择

目的:探讨以不同组织移植物Ⅰ期重建晚期下咽癌、喉复发癌术后颈部、下咽食管缺损的适应证及治疗效果。方法:喉复发癌36例, 肿瘤切除后采用胸大肌肌皮 瓣修补组织缺损18例,肩胸皮瓣修补4例,胃代食管修补2例,胸部推移皮瓣重建下颈部与上纵隔组织缺损,并消灭手术死腔12例。晚期下咽癌16例,颈段食管癌8例,以游离空肠整复1例, 健侧喉黏膜瓣修复咽部缺损8例,喉气管代食道8例,胸大肌皮瓣修复咽部缺损2例,胃代食管2例,游离前臂皮瓣修复下咽1例。 结果:术中无一例死亡,术后无修复组织坏死 ,全部组织瓣存活。采用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复者,仅 1例有术前放疗史的患者发生术后咽漏,胸大肌皮瓣 修复者发生咽漏1例,胃代食道术后发生咽漏1例。全部病例愈合后均恢复正常饮食。随访 9～84个月,14例出现吞咽梗阻,可进流质饮食。结论:下咽癌患者术后组织缺损的修复方法各有侧重。肿瘤的部位和手术后组织缺损的大小是选择修复方法的首要因素;其次,应结合患者的年龄和全身状况,考虑减少并发症。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复喉咽缺损的应用

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣修复喉咽肿瘤术后组织缺损的疗效。方法收集1990年5月～2007年8月应用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复喉咽癌术后组织缺损患者59例。其中垂直半喉加部分喉咽切除23例,次全喉加部分喉咽切除12例,全喉切除加大部分喉咽切除10例,全喉加全喉咽和部分颈段食管切除14例,同期行颈廓清术109侧。手术后根据患者情况给予55～75 Gy的放射治疗。结果术后转移胸大肌肌皮瓣存活良好,成活率为96.6%。术后发生并发症11例,其中咽瘘6例占10.2%,胸部皮瓣边缘部分坏死3例占5.1%,胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死2例占3.4%。随访5年生存率35.6%。结论胸大肌肌皮瓣供区组织丰富、皮岛面积大且成活率高,修复喉咽肿瘤术后组织缺损取得了良好的效果,全部和部分喉功能保留率达到42.4%。     

下咽癌喉癌术后广泛下咽及颈段食管缺损修复方法的比较

目的：探讨4种方法Ⅰ期修复下咽癌及晚期喉癌术后广泛下咽及颈段食管缺损的适应证及治疗效果。方法：用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复部分咽部缺损12例(伴颈段食管切除术2例)．胸大肌皮瓣修复部分咽部缺损6例，游离前臂皮瓣修复保留喉的部分下咽切除术2例．游离空肠重建全下咽和食管上段缺损1例。结果：术中无一例死亡，术后无修复组织坏死．全部组织瓣存活。采用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复者，仅1例术前放疗的患者术后发生咽漏；胸大肌皮瓣修复者，1例发生咽漏。全部病例愈合后均可进普通饮食。随访9～84个月，4例出现吞咽梗阻。结论：下咽癌缺损的修复方法各有侧重。肿瘤的部位和大小是选择修复方法最重要的因素；其次，也应仔细考虑减少并发症。     

下咽颈食段食管环周缺损修复方法的探讨

目的探讨不同手术方法修复重建下咽颈食管环周缺损的适应证，对不同方法的优缺点进行比较。方法对1993年6月至2006年6月期间收治的72例下咽颈食管区肿瘤进行手术切除，并根据肿瘤切除术后缺损的范围，采用胸大肌肌皮瓣、喉管、游离空肠、游离前臂皮瓣和胃上提咽胃吻合5种方法对肿瘤切除术后所致的下咽颈食管环周缺损进行一期修复重建，并重点对所有患者术后的吞咽功能恢复情况进行观察和客观评估。结果胸大肌肌皮瓣修复重建31例，喉管代下咽颈食管8例，游离空肠移植12例，游离前臂皮瓣移植4例，胃上提咽胃吻合术17例。其中15例患者出现了不同程度的并发症，包括创口感染、咽漏、皮瓣部分坏死、胃壁部分坏死和食管吻合口狭窄等，除1例死亡外，其他患者经处理全部治愈。本组患者术后吞咽功能恢复满意，除2例食管吻合口狭窄患者可以进半流食外，其余患者均恢复了正常的进食功能。平均随访时间为1．6年，术后2年生存率为45．3％。结论下咽颈段食管癌切除术后所致的环周缺损可依据缺损的范围和患者的情况选择不同的修复方法，只要适应证掌握得当均可获得满意的修复重建效果。     

下咽、颈段食管癌手术切除后保留喉功能与发声重建

目的：探讨下咽、颈段食管癌根治术患者喉功能保留与发声重建的手术方法。方法：对16例下咽、颈段食管癌患者手术切除肿瘤后，实施保留全喉及部分喉切除喉功能重建；全喉切除后Blom-Singer 1期、2期发声重建术，同时下咽及颈段食管缺损分别采用胃－咽吻合、前臂游离皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、胸三角皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣，颈前肌皮瓣、喉气管粘膜瓣等方法进行整复。保留全喉8例，保留部分喉喉重建3例，全喉切除后行Blom-Singer发声重建1期4例，2期1例。结果：16例中除1例术后14d心脏病变发死亡外，均恢复了吞咽功能，13例恢复发声功能，6例恢复了全喉功能，2例恢复了部分喉功能（不能拔管）。5例行Blom-Singer发声重建者，均发声成功。结论：依据患者病变部位、肿瘤分期、身体状况、年龄等因素，切除肿瘤后采用不同的手术方法行喉功能保留及发声重建，可提高患者术后生存质量。     

下咽癌侵犯颈段食管的治疗

目的 探讨下咽癌侵犯颈段食管的最佳治疗方案和处理经验。 方法 通过回顾性分析71例累及颈段食管的下咽癌患者临床资料,总结几种安全有效的治疗方式。71例均行颈淋巴结清扫术,切除患侧甲状腺37例,保留喉功能28例,全喉切除气管造瘘31例,喉气管代下咽食管12例。消化道重建方法有胸大肌肌皮瓣22例、喉气管瓣修复12例、裂层皮片或生物修复膜+胸大肌肌皮瓣6例,全食管切除后胃或结肠代食管31例。术后接受局部放疗(55~70 GY)65例。 结果 术后病理均为鳞状细胞癌,其中高、中、低分化分别为21例、18例、32例。淋巴结转移率45.2%,切除甲状腺37例中病理查见肿瘤14例,占比37.8%,甲状腺受侵犯占总病例19.7%。喉功能保留占39.4%,保留喉功能的患者中拔管率67.8%,术后咽瘘12例,刀口感染2例,吻合口狭窄1例。kaplan-meier生存率统计所有病例总的3年和5年无瘤生存率为43.7%和23.9%,其中喉功能保留组分别为50%和28.6%,喉功能不保留组分别为39.5%和20.9%。两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.244,P=0.265)。 结论 下咽癌侵犯颈段食管的治疗以手术+放疗的综合治疗为主,胸大肌肌皮瓣、喉气管瓣、全食管切除胃或结肠代食管的手术方式安全有效,部分患者采用合适的手术方式可以保留喉功能。     

下咽及颈段食管缺损修复的供区选择和临床评价

目的：探索下咽及颈段食管缺损的分类及不同类型缺损的修复方法选择原则和临床疗效。方法：2007—01—2012-06期间共行下咽及颈段食管缺损修复术39例。根据下咽及颈段食管缺损程度分为环周／近环周缺损组（A组,23例）和部分缺损组（B组,16例）;根据颈部血管状况分为颈部血管状况不良组（22例）和颈部血管状况良好组（17例）。供区选择主要根据缺损程度和颈部血管状况决定。A组采用股前外侧皮瓣8例、胃上提6例、桡侧前臂皮瓣3例、空肠瓣和胸大肌肌皮瓣各3例;B组采用舌骨下肌肌皮瓣8例、桡侧前臂皮瓣3例、胸大肌肌皮瓣5例。观察皮瓣的存活率、手术并发症、功能效果和肿瘤治疗的临床转归。结果：全组并发症发生率为12．8％（5／39）。A组空肠瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死各1例,皮瓣坏死均发生在颈部血管状况不良组;B组发生咽瘘1例,无皮瓣坏死。全组2例未能经口进食,其余病例无进食障碍;保留喉功能16例均发音良好。全组2年、3年总生存率分别为72．1％和65．2％。结论：下咽及颈段食管缺损修复供区的选择应根据缺损程度、颈部血管状况和组织瓣的特性综合分析,个体化应用。个体化下咽及颈段食管修复可获得满意的临床疗效。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在侵犯下咽晚期头颈鳞癌手术切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨不同情况下应用胸大肌肌皮瓣(PMF)修复下咽颈食管区域重要和复合缺损的方法和可行性。 方法 采用PMF单独或联合其他修复方法,结合对修复方法的改良,采用不同方式修复晚期和复发性下咽癌和喉癌侵犯下咽颈食管区域手术切除术后下咽颈食管巨大和复合性缺损59例,缺损类型包括下咽颈食管部分缺损、下咽颈食管环周缺损以及下咽颈食管缺损合并颈前软组织巨大复合缺损。 结果 完成单纯PMF覆盖法26例,椎前筋膜游离植皮加PMF覆盖4例,PMF覆盖加颈前表面游离植皮2例,PMF覆盖下咽加胸三角皮瓣(DPF)修复颈前缺损2例,单纯PMF皮管16例,PMF皮管加肩胸皮瓣表面覆盖4例,胃上提加PMF覆盖3例,双岛瓦合PMF 2例。术后20例出现了不同程度并发症,除1例院内死亡外,其余均经妥善处理治愈,恢复吞咽功能。 结论 PMF适合各种情况的下咽颈食管缺损修复,特别是在颈部同时伴有巨大软组织复合缺损时,这种方法更具优越性。     

Delayed pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with combined local and regional flaps: a case report

We describe an unusual technique for performing delayed pharyngoesophageal reconstruction following circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy. The patient was a 52-year-old man who underwent a circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy for the treatment of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. In view of the patient's poor clinical status, we opted to perform a pharyngostomy and an esophagostomy and to postpone pharyngoesophageal reconstruction for a more appropriate occasion. After the patient's clinical condition had sufficiently improved, the repair was planned. Microsurgical flaps were contraindicated because the blood flow through the cervical vessels was unreliable. Pharyngoesophageal continuity was restored with a cervical flap vascularized by the prevertebral fascia, a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, and a deltopectoralis flap. A reasonable degree of deglutition was achieved, and no signs of stricture were detected. Although our technique was unusual, we believed that it might provide a valid alternative when a delayed pharyngoesophageal reconstruction is required and free flaps are contraindicated for any reason.     

Immediate reconstruction of pharyngoesophageal defects. Preference or reference

In this era of development in reconstruction, interest in searching for the most appropriate procedure for replacing the pharyngoesophageal defect is intense. The type of defect, depending on the level of invasion by the cancer, should be classified as partial pharyngeal, circumferential pharyngeal, or pharyngoesophageal. Within each class, the surgeon can have his preference for a reconstructive procedure according to available expertise and familiarity. In our series of 97 patients with pharyngoesophageal defects resulting from resection of laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, and cervical esophageal cancers, the patch-on pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, the tubed pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, and the stomach were used for the three types of defects, respectively. Mortality and morbidity, while kept at an acceptable level, appear to rise as the complexity of the procedure increases. This supports the argument that the reconstructive method should be selected with reference to the type of defect, which is in turn dependent on the site and behavior of the tumor. The reconstructive procedure is to fit the defect, and not vice versa.     

Reconstruction of circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy using a 'horseshoe-shaped' pectoralis major myocutaneous flap

Eighteen patients underwent a circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy reconstruction post pharyngolaryngectomy. All tumours showed pharyngo-oesophageal junction invasion or circular involvement of the hypopharynx, requiring total, circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy. A pectoralis major myocutaneous flap was directly sutured to the pre-vertebral fascia. A Montgomery salivary bypass tube was introduced into the oesophagus, and a nasogastric tube was placed within it. No post-operative complications occurred for 14 patients and only minor ones for the other four. Average post-operative stay was 12 days. For 15 patients, feeding returned to normal throughout the follow-up period. No fistulae were noted and neopharyngeal stenosis occurred in three patients (16 per cent). Thirteen had complete resection with normal margins. Thirteen were still alive after one to three years of follow up. The local recurrence rate was 16 per cent. The use of a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap with Spriano's technique provides a simple, reliable method for circumferential hypopharyngeal resection. It has been applied to a wide range of patients, especially elderly ones and those with poor general status, as well as to cases in which widespread involvement was detected during surgery.     

Free jejunal patch flaps in oral and oro-pharyngeal reconstruction

Free jejunum has been commonly tubed to provide a reconstructive pharyngeal conduit following pharyngolaryngectomy. It is also common practice to repair small oral and oro-pharyngeal defects with skin-lined flaps i.e. radial free forearm or pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Free jejunal patch flaps can provide cover for large defects, secrete mucus, tolerate radiotherapy well and do not contract. The operation is associated with a low morbidity and early return of swallowing is feasible. Here we describe the functional results of free jejunal patch flap reconstruction of extensive oral and oro-pharyngeal defects.     

Reconstruction of circumferential defect of the hypopharynx: Experimental studies and clinical application of a new method

Reconstruction of circumferential defect of the hypopharynx is a challenging problem in head and neck surgery. Reconstruction with a totally tubed pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMCF) has been advocated in recent years, but this procedure has the disadvantage of excessive bulkiness. In order to solve this problem, the author experimented with a partially tubed platysma myocutaneous flap and an inner surface of apron skin flap of the anterior neck in the reconstruction of the circumferential defect of the hypopharynx in ten dogs. Subsequently, the same surgical technique using PMMCF instead of the platysma myocutaneous flap was used for reconstruction following total laryngopharyngectomy in eight patients. The new partially tubed flap was successful in solving the problem of excessive bulkiness of the totally tubed PMMCF.     

颈段食管癌手术喉功能保留问题的探讨

目的:探讨颈段食管癌手术喉功能保留的适应证和咽食管重建方法, 以及胃咽吻合术误吸并发症的原因和防治措施.方法:9例保留喉功能的颈段食管癌手术患者,其中单纯颈段食管癌2例,颈段食管癌侵犯下咽部6例,颈胸段食管重复癌1例.喉功能保留:全部喉功能保留8例,部分喉功能保留1例.下咽-食管重建:胃咽吻合7例,游离前臂皮瓣1例, 胸大肌皮瓣1例.结果:喉功能恢复良好4例,中等2例,差3例.胃咽吻合术7例均发生不同程度的胃液反流、咳嗽反射暂时性消失和误吸,5例发生声带麻痹;吻合口越高,误吸程度越重.游离前臂皮瓣移植术1例死于大出血.胸大肌皮瓣转移术1例虽能恢复良好的喉功能,但6个月后发生吻合口狭窄.结论:单纯颈段食管癌和颈段食管癌向上侵犯下咽部1 cm以内的患者适宜行全部喉功能保留手术;而颈段食管癌向上侵犯下咽部部1 cm以上的高龄患者不宜行全部喉功能保留手术,可行部分喉功能保留手术或不保留喉功能手术.胃咽吻合术误吸并发症的发生与咽-食管吞咽功能障碍和喉防误吸功能障碍密切相关.