凝胶渗透色谱净化-气相色谱-质谱法检测烤鸭鸭皮中16种多环芳烃

建立北京烤鸭鸭皮中16 种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）的凝胶渗透色谱（gel permeation chromatography,GPC）净化-气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）检 测分析方法。匀浆后的烤鸭鸭皮样品经乙酸乙酯超声提取20 min,采用GPC净化,GC-MS进行检测。结果表 明：16 种PAHs在1～100 μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好（R2＞0.996）,检出限为0.08～0.39 μg/kg,定量 限为0.25～1.29 μg/kg;在1、5、10 μg/kg添加水平下,16 种PAHs的回收率为66.2%～108.3%,相对标准偏差为 0.7%～13.5%（n=6）,满足分析要求;采用该方法对购自超市的北京烤鸭进行检测,烤鸭鸭皮样品中均未检出苯 并（a）芘,苯并（a）芘、苯并（a）蒽、苯并（b）荧蒽和?总含量也未超过欧盟限量标准（12.0 μg/kg）。     

浓香菜籽油在不同加工单元下多环芳烃和风味品质的变化规律

分析了炒籽、压榨和脱胶等单元下油菜籽和油中多环芳烃的含量,明确了多环芳烃在浓香菜籽油3个加工单元中的迁移规律。在此基础上,考查了炒籽升温速率和脱胶单元对浓香菜籽油中多环芳烃形成和风味品质的影响。结果显示,炒籽和压榨单元均造成油菜籽及菜籽油中多环芳烃含量增加,炒籽后的油菜籽中苯并[a]芘、PAH4和EPA16含量分别增加0.40、3.79和10.51 μg/kg。脱胶单元使菜籽油中多环芳烃含量降低,其中轻质PAHs含量减少7.96 μg/kg。炒籽升温速率对浓香菜籽油中多环芳烃含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）。高升温速率下浓香菜籽油中苯并[a]芘、PAH4和EPA16含量分别为0.91、7.18和40.92 μg/kg;低升温速率下样品含量分别为0.38、3.21和27.99 μg/kg。炒籽升温速率对浓香菜籽油中多酚、生育酚和甾醇含量,以及挥发性化合物种类和含量影响不显著（P>0.05）。脱胶处理后,菜籽油中酸价下降0.45 mg/g,过氧化值增加0.49 mmol/kg;菜籽油L*和b*明显提升,a*降低;菜籽油中脂质氧化产物和美拉德反应产物含量分别降低31.19%和53.05%。研究结果可为浓香菜籽油生产中工艺参数优化提供有价值的参考。     

GC-MS法测定多种食用油中的多环芳烃

多环芳烃是一类常见的环境有机污染物,随着人们对其毒性研究逐步深入,各国相继制定限量要求。随机选取市面上不同种类的食用油,采用GC-MS法进行多环芳烃的测定,评估其食品安全风险。结果表明, 15种食用油中苯并[a]芘含量在0.00～9.20μg/kg之间,苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并菲的含量之和在0.00～28.74μg/kg之间, 16种多环芳烃总量在0.00～72.47μg/kg之间。对随机网上购买食品安全风险较高的10份芝麻油进行测定,苯并[a]芘含量在0.00～6.76μg/kg之间,苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并菲的总量在0.00～9.64μg/kg之间,16种多环芳烃总量在0.00～16.18μg/kg之间。植物油中多环芳烃含量水平相差较大,部分存在一定的食品安全风险,出口企业还应关注苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽和苯并菲含量的水平。     

食用植物油中多环芳烃含量水平调查分析

调查了8类、116个食用植物油样品中的苯并(a)蒽、■、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘的污染情况。采用简单的液-液萃取法进行前处理,GC-MS/MS测定。结果表明:不同品种食用植物油多环芳烃含量差异较大;苯并(a)芘的检出率为85.34%,检出结果范围为0.59~9.75μg/kg;4种多环芳烃总量的检出率为100%,检出结果范围为0.88~59.17μg/kg;苯并(a)芘含量与4种多环芳烃总量成线性关系。     

高效液相色谱-荧光检测法检测植物性食品中14种欧盟优控多环芳烃

目的 建立准确测定蔬菜、水果及粮食中多环芳烃含量,了解河北省内上述食品中14种欧盟优控多环芳烃(苯并(c)芴、苯并(a)蒽、?、5-甲基?、苯并(j)荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,l)芘、二苯并(a, h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝、茚并(1,2,3-cd)(a)芘、二苯并(a,e)芘、二苯并(a,i)芘、二苯并(a,h)芘)的实际污染状况。方法 样品经环己烷：乙酸乙酯(1:1, V:V)溶液超声提取后,浓缩至近干,经正己烷复溶后通过多环芳烃专用固相萃取柱进行净化处理,洗脱液经浓缩后用乙腈定容,采用液相色谱-荧光检测法进行检测。结果 14种化合物的线性范围为1.00~18.0μg/kg;方法回收率为60.9%~125.4%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~7.6%;苯并(c)芴、苯并(a)蒽、?、5-甲基-1,2-苯并菲、苯并(j)荧蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,e)芘、二苯并(a,i)芘、二苯并(a,h)芘检出限为0.15μg/kg;二苯并(a,l)芘、二苯并(a, h)蒽、苯并(g,h,i)苝、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘检出限为0.3μg/kg。市售的96份样品中, 检出不同种类不同含量的多环芳烃类化合物, 检出率为51.0%。结论 本方法重现性好,检测灵敏度高,可用于水果、蔬菜及粮食中14种多环芳烃的检测。     

含螺旋藻产品中多环芳烃污染状况研究

目的 建立气相色谱-串联质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS)测定含螺旋藻产品中多环芳烃残留量的方法, 并以此法探究市售含螺旋藻产品中以苯并(a)蒽、?、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘为代表的多环芳烃污染状况。方法 样品采用正己烷提取, 经QuEChERS净化, 选择DB-5 MS毛细管色谱柱, 在多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式下采用基质匹配外标法定量。采用4种多环芳烃化合物(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAH)总量(PAH4)和苯并(a)芘进行双指标分析, 并结合摄入量对市售含螺旋藻产品中多环芳烃污染情况进行分析。结果 4种化合物在1~32 μg/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系, 相关系数r2>0.995, 方法定量限4 μg/kg, 平均回收率为64.1%~102%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviations, RSD)为2.2%~6.4% (n=6)。75个受试样本的多环芳烃检出率为76%, 检出的4种多环芳烃含量范围为4.1~916.0 μg/kg。在苯并(a)芘含量大于50 μg/kg时, 苯并(a)芘含量与PAH4含量之间呈现明显的正相关, 但在低于50 μg/kg时, 两者未显示出相关性。结论 建立的方法准确度高, 灵敏度好, 适用于含螺旋藻产品中多环芳烃的检测。实际样品的测定结果显示, 市售含螺旋藻产品中存在高水平多环芳烃污染的情况, 可能对服用者产生安全风险。样本中苯并(a)芘与PAH4总量之间存在一定相关性, 在高污染水平两者相关性趋明显, 在低污染水平苯并(a)芘不宜作为螺旋藻中多环芳烃污染的唯一指标。建议食品安全相关部门应加强风险防控, 制定合理的控制规范、设立恰当的指标限量。     

高效液相色谱-荧光法测定食用油中 苯并（a）芘残留量

建立了高效液相色谱-荧光法测定食用油中苯并（a）芘残留量的方法。样品经正己烷提取、苯并（a）芘分子印迹柱净化后,进高效液相色谱仪,在RP-C18保护柱Welch C18 色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm）、88%乙腈-水溶液为流动相、进样量10 μL条件下,用荧光检测器（激发波长384 nm,发射波长406 nm）测定食用油中苯并（a）芘含量。结果表明：该方法的苯并（a）芘线性范围为1～10 ng/mL,相关系数为0.999 91,检出限为0.2 μg/kg,平均加标回收率为94.9%。采用该方法对7种市售食用油中苯并（a）芘进行测定,结果发现,玉米胚芽油、鱼油中未检出苯并（a）芘,黑芝麻油中苯并（a）芘含量为2.780 μg/kg,胡麻籽油中苯并（a）芘含量为0.863 μg/kg,葵花仁油中苯并（a）芘含量为0.238 μg/kg,大蒜油中苯并（a）芘含量为0.410 μg/kg,五味子油中苯并（a）芘含量为0.132 μg/kg,均低于国家规定限量（10 μg/kg）。与国标法相比,该方法操作简便,节约时间,且灵敏度高、回收率稳定,适用于多种食用油中苯并（a）芘残留量的快速检测分析。     

气相色谱-质谱法评定紫苏油中多环芳烃类不确定度

目的：为降低紫苏油多环芳烃PAH4检测过程的不确定度,提高实验室检验检测结果的准确性。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱法对紫苏油中多环芳烃PAH4测定含量进行不确定度评定,通过建立数学模型,分析测定过程的主要不确定度来源,评估各个分量。结果：该法中苯并[a]蒽含量测定结果（1.14±0.31）μg/kg,k=2;?含量测定结果为（0.47±0.22）μg/kg,k=2;苯并[b]荧蒽含量测定结果为（4.62±0.79）μg/kg,k=2;苯并[a]芘含量测定结果为（3.90±1.19）μg/kg,k=2。结论：该检测方法影响检测结果不确定度的主要因素为标准物质、校准曲线、气相色谱-质谱联用仪及样品处理,其他因素影响相对较小,在检测过程应加以控制。     

卷烟烟气中稠环芳烃的分析研究

本项研究建立了一种测定卷烟烟气中稠环芳烃的分析方法--气质联用法。优化了方法的前处理过程、仪器分析条件,对分析方法的重复性、回收率、检测限进行了研究。确定了环己烷萃取卷烟烟气总粒相物中的稠环芳烃,萃取液经硅胶固相萃取柱净化,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪定量检测苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽和Chrysene 3种稠环芳烃含量的分析方法。该检测方法设计合理,稳定性和重复性好、准确性和精确性高,具有较好的可操作性和推广性。本项目应用该方法对国内外较有代表性的81种卷烟样品中苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽和Chrysene进行了系统的分析测定,研究了国内外混合型与烤烟型卷烟中苯并[a]芘等稠环芳烃含量分布的规律,讨论了卷烟烟气中苯并[a]芘、苯并[a]蒽和Chrysene之间的含量关系及其与总粒相物、焦油的关系。      

冷冻除脂-气相色谱-串联质谱法检测食用植物油中30 种多环芳烃

建立冷冻除脂--气相色谱-串联质谱检测食用植物油中30?种多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAH）的方法。选用6?种氘标记PAH为内标,样品经乙腈--丙酮溶液（4∶1,V/V）于离心管中涡旋提取,10?000?r/min离心5?min,－80?℃对油脂冷冻固化,倾出提取液,再经减压浓缩和氮气吹干,以二氯甲烷复溶,气相色谱--串联质谱多反应监测方式进行检测。结果表明,在相应质量浓度范围内30?种PAH均有良好线性（R2＞0.998）,检出限为0.10～1.83?μg/kg,定量限为0.35～6.11?μg/kg,在5、20?μg/kg和50?μg/kg添加水平下的回收率为67.77%～119.28%,相对标准偏差为1.18%～12.47%。采用本方法对市售11?类38?个食用植物油样品的检测显示,萘、1-甲基萘、2--甲基萘、联苯、2,6--二甲基萘、苊烯、苊、2,3,6--三甲基萘、芴、二苯并噻吩、菲、蒽、1-甲基菲、荧蒽、芘、环戊烯[c,d]芘、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘和苯并[a]芘的检出率均为100%;5--甲基屈、苝、茚并[1,2,3--c,d]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝和二苯并[a,l]芘的检出率分别为86.84%、63.16%、81.58%、21.05%、81.58%和26.32%;二苯并[a,e]芘和二苯并[a,h]芘未检出;PAH总量为92.56～905.16?μg/kg,其中苯并[a]芘含量为1.94～7.40?μg/kg,依据食品安全标准限量,PAH处于较安全水平。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.