Cutting Fluid Aerosol from Splash in Turning: Analysis for Environmentally Conscious Machining

The generation of airborne particulates from cutting fluids in machining operations poses a potential threat to machine operators. The primary mechanisms through which cutting fluid atomises to form liquid aerosol are splashing upon impingement on a solid workpiece, spin-off away from a rotating workpiece or tool, and evaporation due to high cutting temperature. This paper presents a quantitative model to describe the concentration and size distribution of aerosol resulting from the splash atomisation of cutting fluids in a lathe turning operation. In this analysis, the main parameters that govern the aerosol formation are the workpiece diameter, nozzle height, cutting fluid properties, and cutting fluid flow rate. The model first examines the fraction of splashed mass in relation to the total flow rate of cutting fluid based on the calibration of the splash parameter. The model further determines the statistical variation of the liquid droplet size due to unaccounted disturbances. The aerosol concentration is then expressed in terms of the product of the splash parameter and the fraction of total droplet volume of a specified size. The validity of the model is experimentally established based on light-scattering aerosol measurement carried out on a horizontal lathe with various jet heights, part diameters, and fluid flow rates. The results of this study can be used to estimate the amount of aerosol from a machining process, and to provide a quantitative basis for process optimisation, fluid planning, and machine design in achieving given environmental standards.     

[设备健康管理]基于机床信息的加工过程刀具磨损状态在线监测

为实现刀具磨损状态的在线监测,提高监测系统的实用性,提出一种基于机床信息的加工过程刀具磨损状态在线监测方法。采用OPC UA通信技术在线采集与存储数控机床信息,得到与磨损相关的机床内部过程信息,并基于这类信息与相应的刀具磨损信息,利用卷积神经网络建立了刀具磨损状态识别模型。应用案例证明了该方法的监测性能,与其他传统监测方法相比,该方法更适用于实际的生产加工。     

恒定加工条件及定期补偿下的刀具渐变可靠性灵敏度分析方法

据统计,由刀具失效导致的停机时间超过机床被迫停机时间的1/3,故开展刀具渐变可靠性及其灵敏度分析的研究对提高机床的运行可靠性具有重要意义。采用连续时间、连续状态、具有非减独立增量的非平稳Gamma过程描述刀具磨损量的变化过程。根据加工偏差不大于机床给定加工精度的原则,构建刀具制造及磨损量检测有无误差两种情形下、恒定加工条件及定期补偿的刀具渐变状态函数,由此推导出相应的渐变可靠度模型。在此基础上给出渐变可靠度模型对各个参数的灵敏度计算方程。通过数值实例分析,阐述了通过提出的渐变可靠性模型及灵敏度分析方法提高刀具运行可靠性的应用过程。这一工作为提高恒定加工条件及定期补偿下刀具的运行可靠性提供切实可行的理论和方法基础。     

Integrated simulation method for interaction between manufacturing process and machine tool

The interaction between the machining process and the machine tool (IMPMT) plays an important role on high precision components manufacturing. However, most researches are focused on the machining process or the machine tool separately, and the interaction between them has been always overlooked. In this paper, a novel simplified method is proposed to realize the simulation of IMPMT by combining use the finite element method and state space method. In this method, the transfer function of the machine tool is built as a small state space. The small state space is obtained from the complicated finite element model of the whole machine tool. Furthermore, the control system of the machine tool is integrated with the transfer function of the machine tool to generate the cutting trajectory. Then, the tool tip response under the cutting force is used to predict the machined surface. Finally, a case study is carried out for a fly-cutting machining process, the dynamic response analysis of an ultra-precision fly-cutting machine tool and the machined surface verifies the effectiveness of this method. This research proposes a simplified method to study the IMPMT, the relationships between the machining process and the machine tool are established and the surface generation is obtained.     

CIMT’97主要展品的技术特点综述

两年一度的中国国际机床展览会是国际机床界和我国机械制造业的一件盛事。第五届中国国际机床展览会(CIMT’97)又一次荟萃了国内、外各机床厂及相关配套件厂和工具厂的精华,既可看到一些名牌企业享有盛名的产品,也会发现一些脱颖而出的新秀企业所展示的精品。从展览会上我们能深刻地领会到机床工具行业的发展动向,也能生动地观察到琳琅满目的新产品和新结构。从中既反映了丰富多采的世界先进实用制造技术和最新制造技术,也展示了中国机床工具行业通过“三大战役”在增强开发能力和竞争实力方面所取得的可喜的巨大进步。     

机床改造大有可为

航天数控集团公司成立于１９８８年。１０多年来,“航天数控”致力于振兴我国数控机床民族工业,经过不懈的努力,已累计销售了１５００多套数控系统、３０００多套伺服单元和伺服电机,为众多机床厂提供配套和交钥匙服务。“航天数控”始终坚持技术创新。“七五”期间,...     

辊筒模具超精密机床系统设计与工艺

为了提高国内大尺寸光学微结构薄膜的光学级模具制造水平,打破国外在辊筒模具超精密加工装备的垄断,完成了国内首台套大尺寸光学微结构辊筒模具超精密机床的设计、集成以及典型微结构工艺的研究工作。首先,根据辊筒模具表面微结构加工工艺的特点,分析了辊筒模具超精密机床的关键技术并完成了机床结构与运动控制系统设计。在机床系统集成后,完成了运动控制系统的调试。直线轴执行阶梯运动完成了直线轴运动分辨率的测试。其次,通过准直仪和激光干涉仪完成了机床关键轴系的直线度及定位精度的测试和补偿。最后,采用多步切削法切削实验,以降低毛刺高度为目标,完成了V槽阵列的加工工艺参数优化。经测试,该超精密加工机床的直线运动分辨可达到5nm,直线轴的双向定位精度均优于1μm/1 100mm;采用多步切削法加工V槽阵列,最后一次切削深度建议在1~2μm,可以获得合格的V槽阵列。     

Investigation of cutting characteristics for worm machining on automatic lathe — Comparison of planetary milling and side milling

A worm and worm wheel gearing is widely used in a geared motor unit for the convenience and safety of an automobile. For mass production of a high quality worm, the current rolling process is substituted with the milling process. The milling process offers comparatively accurate machining quality and high production capacity for worm manufacturing. Moreover, since the milling process enables the integration of all operations of worm manufacturing on a CNC lathe, production efficiency can be remarkably improved. However, there are several important factors to be considered for producing high quality worms such as cutting force, tool-workpiece interference, and others. Planetary milling and side milling are generally applied to machine worms. In this study, the cutting characteristics of worm machining on an automatic lathe are investigated for two types of milling processes and those processes are compared with each other. A tool-tip trajectory model based on tool-workpiece interaction is proposed, and then tool-workpiece interference and cutting force are simulated with the model. The simulation results are verified through numerous experiments. The experimental results show the cutting characteristics of each milling process and the efficiency for mass production of a high quality worm. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Dae-Eun Kim     

Surface Texture Indicators of Tool Wear - A Machine Vision Approach

There has been much research on the automated monitoring of cutting tool wear. This research has tended to focus on three main areas that attempt to quantify the cutting tool condition: monitoring of specific machine tool parameters in order to infer tool condition, direct observations made on the cutting tool; and measurements taken from the chips produced by the tool. However, considerably less work has been performed on the development of surface texture sensors that provide information on the condition of the tool employed in machining the surface. A preliminary experimental study is presented for accomplishing this texture analysis using a machine vision-based sensor system. In particular, an investigation of the condition of a two-flute end mill used in a standard face milling operation is presented. The degree of tool wear is estimated by extracting three parameters from video camera images of the machined surface. The performance of three image-processing algorithms, in estimating the tool condition, is presented: analysis of the intensity histogram; image frequency domain content; and spatial domain surface texture.     

An accuracy design approach for a multi-axis NC machine tool based on reliability theory

Accuracy design constitutes an important role in machine tool designing. It is used to determine the permissible level of each error parameter of a machine tool, so that any criterion can be optimized. Geometric, thermal-induced, and cutting force-induced errors are responsible for a large number of comprehensive errors of a machine tool. These errors not only influence the machining accuracy but are also of great importance for accuracy design to be performed. The aim of this paper is the proposal of a general approach that simultaneously considered geometric, thermal-induced, and cutting force-induced errors, in order for machine tool errors to be allocated. By homogeneous transformation matrix (HTM) application, a comprehensive error model was developed for the machining accuracy of a machine tool to be acquired. In addition, a generalized radial basis function (RBF) neural network modeling method was used in order for a thermal and cutting force-induced error model to be established. Based on the comprehensive error model, the importance sampling method was applied for the reliability and sensitivity analysis of the machine tool to be conducted, and two mathematical models were presented. The first model predicted the reliability of the machine tool, whereas the second was used to identify and optimize the error parameters with larger effect on the reliability. The permissible level of each geometric error parameter can therefore be determined, whereas the reliability met the design requirement and the cost of this machining was optimized. An experiment was conducted on a five-axis machine tool, and the results confirmed the proposed approach being able to display the accuracy design of the machine tool.     

典型零件数控加工工艺制定

数控车床是目前使用最广泛的数控机床之一。工艺分析是数控车削加工的前期工艺准备工作。工艺制定的合理与否,对程序编制、机床的加工效率和零件的加工精度都有重要的影响。因此,应遵循一般的工艺原则并结合数控车床的特点．认真而详细地制定好零件的数控加工工艺。在数控机床上加工零件时．要把被加工的全部工艺过程、工艺参数等编制成程序,整个加工过程是自动进行的。因此程序编制前的工艺分析是一项十分重要的工作,其目的是以最合理或较合理的工艺过程和操作方法．指导编程和完成加工任务。     

基于ABAQUS的大型数控导轨磨床床身振动特性分析

运用SolidWorks对某机床厂生产的MK53160大型数控导轨磨床床身进行了参数化三维建模,以方便对原床身模型的设计参数进行修改。把在SolidWorks中建好的床身三维模型导入有限元分析平台ABAQUS中,得到机床床身的各阶固有频率及相应振型,为防止共振、结构优化设计提供理论依据。     

重型车床切削加工中的工艺问题

从粗加工和精加工的角度,对重型车床切削中的刀具材料、刀具角度、切削用量的选择以及刀具和工件的安装等工艺问题进行分析,结合生产实际,给出合理的工艺方案。     

重型车床刀具及切削用量的选择

对重型车床切削中的刀具材料、刀具角度、切削用量的选择以及刀具安装等工艺问题进行了分析。结合生产实际 ,分别提出了粗加工和精加工工艺方案 ,对重型车削加工的实际生产具有借鉴作用     

Numerical study the flow stress in the machining process

In the machining process, the workpiece is under severe plastic deformation with large strain, high strain rate, and temperature. It is necessary to know the flow stress of workpiece material in such condition to better understand the mechanism of chip formation, tool wear and damage, etc. In this study, a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) with synchronically assembled heating system was employed to study the flow stress similar to the deformation condition in the machining process. A phenomenological constitutive model was proposed by the regression analysis of the experimental results. Furthermore, orthogonal metal cutting processes were carried out by the finite element method (FEM). The cutting force predicted by the FEM showed good agreement with the experimental results, which confirmed that the proposed constitutive model can give an accurate estimate of the flow stress in the machining process.     

基于模态柔度和能量分布的机床动态优化设计

使机床切削点动柔度最大值在整个工作频率范围内最小,是机床实现无颤振稳定切削和高精度切削加工的要求,也是对其进行动态优化设计所应达到的目标。基于模态柔度和能量分布的机床结构动态优化设计原理,实现了一种以降低切削点交叉动柔度值为目标的优化方法。该方法利用切削点交叉动柔度与模态柔度的关系,首先寻找薄弱模态,再分析薄弱模态上各部件和环节的能量分布,确定该模态上的薄弱环节,然后在一定的约束条件下,改进这些环节的设计参数,从而实现优化目标。以某型万能工具铣床为例,在整机建模分析计算的基础上,阐述了该优化方法的具体应用。通过模态柔度和能量分布计算,判明该机床的薄弱环节是横梁-水平主轴体系统,针对薄弱环节设计参数的改进实现其质量和刚度的优化,优化后的静柔度和模态柔度都有较大的降低,而固有频率则相应提高,切削点动柔度的最大值降低近18%。并在此基础上进行结构改进设计,改进前后机床的谐响应分析和切削试验对比结果表明优化方法有效地改善了机床的动态性能,再生颤振稳定性得到大幅提高。     

基于动力学不确定性的重型切削工艺参数优化

针对数控重型切削加工过程的切削稳定性具有不确定性的特点,提出了在切削稳定性和机床工作能力的约束下,获得最大材料去除率的工艺参数优化方法。根据重型切削加工的工艺特点建立三维动力学模型,以机床的固有频率、阻尼比、刚度和切削力系数作为不确定因素,结合排零定理和边理论对其进行不确定性分析,获得稳健的切削稳定性叶瓣图,结合切削深度、刀具直径和刀具齿数的关系,为加工过程选择能获得最大切削深度的刀具。在此基础上,建立工艺参数优化模型,选择最佳的轴向切削深度、径向切削深度和主轴转速的组合,最后以一台加工中心上某型号发动机缸体表面的粗加工过程为例进行了验证。     

Improvement in the working accuracy of an nc lathe by compensating for thermal expansion

This study proposes a practical and economical way of improving the working accuracy of an nc lathe by predicting and compensating for the thermal expansion of the tool during machining, a phenomenon which greatly affects the machining accuracy. The thermal expansion can be calculated accurately by the program in which the amount of heat generation is represented as a function of cutting condition and cutting time. As the program judges that the expansion of the tool exceeds or falls below a certain value, tool offsets are made in the direction of cut in advance of operation. Cutting tests on an nc lathe with this compensation have shown a marked improvement in the machining accuracy     

Anisotropic force ellipsoid based multi-axis motion optimization of machine tools

The existing research of the motion optimization of multi-axis machine tools is mainly based on geometric and kinematic constraints, which aim at obtaining minimum-time trajectories and finding obstacle-free paths. In motion optimization, the stiffness characteristics of the whole machining system, including machine tool and cutter, are not considered. The paper presents a new method to establish a general stiffness model of multi-axis machining system. An analytical stiffness model is established by Jacobi and point transformation matrix method. Based on the stiffness model, feed-direction stiffness index is calculated by the intersection of force ellipsoid and the cutting feed direction at the cutter tip. The stiffness index can help analyze the stiffness performance of the whole machining system in the available workspace. Based on the analysis of the stiffness performance, multi-axis motion optimization along tool paths is accomplished by mixed programming using Matlab and Visual C++. The effectiveness of the motion optimization method is verified by the experimental research about the machining performance of a 7-axis 5-linkage machine tool. The proposed research showed that machining stability and production efficiency can be improved by multi-axis motion optimization based on the anisotropic force ellipsoid of the whole machining system.     

Hybrid model- and signal-based chatter detection in the milling process

Chatter causes machining instability and reduces productivity in the metal cutting process. It has negative effects on the surface finish, dimensional accuracy, tool life and machine life. Chatter identification is therefore necessary to control, prevent, or eliminate chatter and to determine the stable machining condition. Previous studies of chatter detection used either model-based or signal-based methods, and each of them has its drawback. Model-based methods use cutting dynamics to develop stability lobe diagram to predict the occurrence of chatter, but the off-line stability estimation couldn’t detect chatter in real time. Signal-based methods apply mostly Fourier analysis to the cutting or vibration signals to identify chatter, but they are heuristic methods and do not consider the cutting dynamics. In this study, the model-based and signal-based chatter detection methods were thoroughly investigated. As a result, a hybrid model- and signal-based chatter detection method was proposed. By analyzing the residual between the force measurement and the output of the cutting force model, milling chatter could be detected and identified efficiently during the milling process.