SBA-15负载对甲苯磺酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

采用后合成方法,将含有磺酸基的有机酸对甲苯磺酸负载在介孔分子筛SBA—15表面上,合成含有一定酸性的固体酸催化剂TsOH—SBA—15。用IR对乙酸正丁酯进行表征。结果表明,该催化剂对冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应具有较高的催化活性。探讨了酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量及反应时间对乙酸正丁酯合成产率的影响。通过正交试验优化酯化反应条件:n冰乙酸∶n正丁醇=1∶1.2,催化剂用量为5%(以冰醋酸质量计),反应时间80 min条件下,合成乙酸正丁酯产率在95%以上。     

新型铁钾盐加合物催化合成乙酸丁酯的研究

研究了以铁钾盐加合物为催化剂,冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸丁酮,确定了该酯化反应的最佳条件.结果表明:以0.1mol乙酸为基准,n(乙酸):n(正丁醇)=1:1.2,催化剂用量为4%(乙酸和正丁醇总质量的质量百分数).反应时间3 h,酯化率达95.80%.     

过硫酸铵催化合成乙酸正丁酯的研究

以过硫酸铵为催化剂,以冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料,合成了乙酸正丁酯。结果表明,反应的最佳条件为:酸醇物质的量比为1∶2.8,催化剂用量为酸醇总质量的9%,反应时间为40min,乙酸的酯化率为91.79%。     

硫酸高铈掺杂聚苯胺催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以冰乙酸、正丁醇为原料，硫酸高铈掺杂聚苯胺为催化剂，催化合成乙酸正丁酯。探讨了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明，最佳反应条件是门（冰乙酸）：门（正丁醇）=1：1．45、催化剂用量为反应物总量的3％、反应时间4．5h。酯化率可达73．21％，并且催化剂可以多次使用，活性没有明显下降。     

固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/TiO_2催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以固体超强酸S2O82-/TiO2为催化剂、冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸正丁酯,考察反应条件对酯化率的影响。结果表明,最佳反应条件n(醇)∶n(酸)=1.4∶1,催化剂用量0.5 g(冰乙酸用量0.2 mol),过硫酸铵浓度0.75 mol.L-1,115~117℃反应1.5 h,酯化率达99%以上。催化剂可重复使用,且对设备腐蚀程度较小。     

固体超强酸S2O2-8/TiO2催化合成乙酸正丁酯

以固体超强酸S2O2-8/TiO2为催化剂、冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸正丁酯,考察反应条件对酯化率的影响.结果表明,最佳反应条件n(醇):n(酸)=1.4:1,催化剂用量0.5 g(冰乙酸用量0.2 mol),过硫酸铵浓度0.75 mol·L-1,115～117℃反应1.5 h,酯化率达99%以上.催化剂可重复使用,且对设备腐蚀程度较小.     

固体超强酸催化合成乙酸正丁酯

分别用固体超强酸S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂ 和SO₄^2-/ZrO₂作催化剂,以冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成了乙酸正丁酯,考察醇与酸物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量和催化剂焙烧温度等因素对酯化率的影响。得出反应的最佳条件为：n（正丁醇）∶n（冰乙酸）=1.3∶1.0 ,催化剂用量为冰乙酸质量的3%,反应温度115 ℃左右,反应时间30 min,固体超强酸S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂ 和SO₄^2-/ZrO₂作催化剂时,乙酸正丁酯的收率分别为96.5%和90.5%。     

浆态鼓泡床反应器合成乙酸正丁酯工艺的研究

采用浆态鼓泡床反应器,改性阳离子交换树脂作催化剂,正丁醇和冰乙酸为原料,对乙酸正丁酯的合成工艺进行了研究,确定了最佳工艺条件:反应温度为110℃,反应时间75min,原料摩尔比n(正丁醇)∶n(乙酸)=1.2∶1,催化剂用量占乙酸用量的40%,乙酸正丁酯的产率可达到98%以上。     

水热改性SO_4~(2-)/ZrO_2催化剂的制备及其对酯化反应的催化性能

通过水热改性氢氧化锆制备了SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化剂。以冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应为探针反应,确定了固体超强酸的最佳制备条件。分别考察了浸渍硫酸浓度、硫酸浸渍时间和焙烧温度等对催化活性的影响。并以水热改性和未经水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO42-/ZrO2固体超强酸做了对比实验,采用XRD、BET对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO42-/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的最佳条件是:浸渍硫酸浓度为0.5mol/L,浸渍时间是120 m in,焙烧温度500℃。乙酸正丁酯较佳的合成工艺条件是:反应温度105~110℃,反应时间2 h,n(正丁醇)∶n(冰乙酸)=2∶1,催化剂用量占反应投料总质量的0.27%,冰乙酸的酯化率达99.1%。催化剂重复使用4次后催化活性降低5%。     

水热改性SO2-4/ZrO2催化剂的制备及其对酯化反应的催化性能

通过水热改性氢氧化锆制备了SO2-4/ZrO2固体酸催化剂.以冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应为探针反应,确定了固体超强酸的最佳制备条件.分别考察了浸渍硫酸浓度、硫酸浸渍时间和焙烧温度等对催化活性的影响.并以水热改性和未经水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO2-4/ZrO2固体超强酸做了对比实验,采用XRD、BET对催化剂进行了表征.实验结果表明水热改性氢氧化锆制备SO2-4/ZrO2固体酸催化剂的最佳条件是浸渍硫酸浓度为0.5 mol/L,浸渍时间是120 min,焙烧温度500 ℃.乙酸正丁酯较佳的合成工艺条件是反应温度105～110 ℃,反应时间2 h,n(正丁醇)n(冰乙酸)=21,催化剂用量占反应投料总质量的0.27%,冰乙酸的酯化率达99.1%.催化剂重复使用4次后催化活性降低5%.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.