Quantitative evaluation of fish alternative habitats in the Luosuo RiverEI北大核心CSCD

针对罗梭江替代生境适宜度及影响因素尚缺乏定量分析的问题,选取澜沧江干流特有经济鱼类中国结鱼(Tor sinensis)为目标物种,基于河流内流量增加法(IFIM),结合二维水动力模型和鱼类栖息地适宜性曲线,建立了罗梭江典型鱼类的栖息地评价模型,分析了替代生境适宜度及其影响因子。结果表明:罗梭江作为澜沧江最大支流,能为中国结鱼提供良好产卵场,产卵场在丰水期(7—9月)数量和质量较优,高质量产卵场主要分布于河流蜿蜒处;罗梭江不适宜成鱼全年栖息,尤其在枯水期(2—4月),成鱼产卵及育肥适宜度最差。在罗梭江替代生境后期管理中,建议优先加强对河流弯道处的生境保护及捕捞管理,同时重视其关联干流的生态保护。     

澜沧江流域过鱼设施的应用探讨

澜沧江流域水资源开发对流域内河流的生态系统造成了较大影响，特别是大坝对河流的阻隔作用，直接阻断了鱼类上下行的通道，影响了鱼类的洄游、繁殖与生存。实践证明，修建有效的过鱼设施可帮助鱼类顺利通过大坝来缓解水电工程对生态环境带来的负面影响，有效保护水生物种的多样性，防止土著鱼类的灭绝。通过对澜沧江流域区系特征及鱼类资源的研究，结合水电工程已建过鱼设施对其应用进行探讨。澜沧江干流所建水电站多为高坝，只能考虑高坝过鱼设施，已建过鱼设施包括升鱼机和集运鱼系统。实际运行监测表明，这些高坝过鱼设施的建设一定程度上缓解了大坝阻隔对鱼类多样性的影响；但也存在升鱼机系统机械、电气设备故障率较高，需加强过鱼效果监测和评估等问题。     

澜沧江中游河段中国结鱼栖息地模拟

为了定量化评估和预测不同水库流量下泄情况对生物栖息地变化的影响,选取澜沧江特有的经济鱼类——中国结鱼作为指示物种,构建栖息地模型模拟其适宜的生境范围。根据成鱼生活习性和产卵行为等关键因子建立栖息地适宜度评价指标(HSI),通过耦合一维水动力模型和HSI建立中国结鱼栖息地模型。基于模型模拟结果,得到成鱼加权可用面积(WUA_d)和产卵加权可用面积(WUA_s),并运用Mann-Kendall测试分析漫湾大坝建设前后WUA_s和WUA_d的变化趋势。结果表明:漫湾大坝建设期和运行期WUA_s和WUA_d分别发生突变。对中国结鱼的产卵场(WUA_s)而言,大坝对最低和中等级别的栖息地有显著影响,对最优级别的栖息地影响较小;对中国结鱼的成鱼(WUA_d)而言,大坝降低了中等和最优的WUA_d。产卵所需的最佳流量(2 200～3 200 m~3/s)大于成鱼生存所要求的最佳流量(510～760 m~3/s),因此为了给不同时期的鱼类提供适宜的生境,应尽量保持流量的多样性。     

不同诱鱼方式在黄登升鱼机鱼道的诱鱼效果比较研究

以澜沧裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼为研究对象,通过在鱼道内安装黄色集鱼灯和饵料袋,鱼道进口处安装PIT监测设备,采用饵料诱鱼、灯光诱鱼和综合诱鱼(饵料+灯光)等3种诱鱼方式进行诱鱼,记录标记鱼类进入鱼道的时间、频次和数量,研究澜沧江云南流域黄登水电站的升鱼机系统鱼道的诱鱼方式。结果表明,使用饵料诱鱼触发PIT天线的频次最高;综合诱鱼方式标记鱼触发PIT设备5次以下共计12尾,高于其他诱鱼方式;综合诱鱼的总诱鱼效率最高,总诱鱼效率为60%,饵料诱鱼总诱鱼效率为50%,灯光诱鱼总诱鱼效率为35%。研究认为综合诱鱼方式适用于黄登升鱼机工程鱼道诱鱼措施。     

小中甸水利枢纽鱼类增殖放流站实用价值分析

小中甸水利枢纽鱼类增殖放流站是硕多岗河流域鱼类资源保护的重要水生生态补偿工程,对保护当地土著鱼类中甸叶须鱼和短须裂腹鱼具有重要意义。在分析小中甸增殖放流站选址、设计以及运行管理的基础上,探讨了工程对硕多岗河流域鱼类资源保护的意义和实际价值。鱼类增殖放流站建成投入使用后,既可有效保护当地的土着鱼类资源,又可产生一定的直接经济效益。     

考虑关键物种全生命周期的减脱水河段生态流量研究

针对引水式电站改变河流的水文水力学特性、地形地貌等天然状况,在电站与引水坝之间形成减脱水河段,使河流生态环境遭到破坏的问题,选取长江二级支流后溪河镇泉大坝下游作为研究河段,通过实地调研与资料收集,以当地土著、重点鱼类齐口裂腹鱼作为指示性物种,考虑其全生命周期的生态过程,归纳得到产卵期水深、流速适宜性曲线。在识别研究河段现状地貌单元分布的基础上,考虑水深、流速阈值与底质特征,建立了水深、流速与水力单元的关系,识别了不同流量下索饵场、越冬场面积变化,并结合蒙大拿法,分时期、分阶段确定了减脱水河段的最佳、适宜、最小生态流量。     

长江科学院长江源鱼类栖息地研究获得两项发明专利授权

正2021年5月,长江科学院在长江源鱼类栖息地研究方面获得两项发明专利授权—— "一种高原鱼类的人造越冬场选址和建设方法(ZL201911020033.1)"和"高原河流裂腹鱼的泥质人造产卵场选址和建设方法(ZL201910968125.6)"。长江科学院围绕长江源鱼类栖息地开展了系统研究,2019年至今,结合长江源科考共开展了 8次专项调查研究,累计100余天,单次外业时长达30天。从越冬场和产卵场的发现到形成机理的揭示,再到生态水文过程分析,最后找出栖息地适宜性关键生态因子,并最终提出关于长江源鱼类     

金上清洁能源基地累计增殖放流鱼苗近300万尾

据中新网2022年6月2日报道,在金沙江上游清洁能源基地施工现场,57万尾珍稀鱼苗在社会各界的共同见证下,欢快地游向金沙江,这已是2017年苏洼龙水电站鱼类增殖站投运以来,华电金沙江上游川藏段梯级电站开展的第11次鱼类增殖放流行动。流活动在金沙江上游的叶巴滩、巴塘、拉哇、苏洼龙四级电站同步开展,共放流短须裂腹鱼、长丝裂腹鱼、四川裂腹鱼、裸腹叶须鱼、软刺裸裂尻鱼等金沙江特有珍稀鱼类57万尾,其中苏洼龙水电站25万尾、叶巴滩水电站24万尾、巴塘水电站5.5万尾、拉哇水电站2.5万尾,目前中国华电在金沙江上游川藏段流域已累计增殖放流各类鱼苗297万尾。     

流域水电开发水生态及鱼类保护实践：以大渡河流域为例

如何在水电开发中更好地保护好水生生态,将其负面影响降低到尽可能小,是近年来水电开发者及相关参与者努力的方向。鱼类作为水生生态最为重要的物种,理应获得更多的关注和保护。通过介绍大渡河流域在水电梯级开发的同时,对水生生态及鱼类开展的保护工作,重点阐述了流域鱼类保护措施的规划设计,特别是过鱼设施、鱼类增殖放流、鱼类栖息地保护和生态调度等鱼类措施,以及围绕鱼类保护开展的相关科研工作和初步成果。     

顶级物种濒临灭绝对长江意味着什么?

近期,我国长江流域淡水豚类科考结果显示,长江江豚种群数量大幅减少,全流域不足千头,其数量比"国宝"大熊猫还稀少。自从2007年长江白鳍豚消失以来,白鲟、鯮鱼、拟尖头鲌、鲥鱼等长江珍稀鱼类也多年未被发现。科学家表示,顶级物种的锐减甚至消失,是长江生态危机日趋严重的一个缩影,俗话说"唇亡齿寒",如果长江流域的顶级物种相继消亡,就意味着一个有生命的河流的"行将就木"。     

Downstream environmental effects of dam operations: Changes in habitat quality for native fish species

Hydropeaking dam operation and water extractions for irrigation have been broadly stated as alterations to natural flow regimes, which have also been noticed in the Biobío Watershed, in Central Chile, since 1996. In the Biobío River, most of native fish species are endemic and very little is known about them. Their ecological and social values have never been estimated, and there is lack of information about their habitat preferences. Furthermore, changes on fish habitat availability due to natural and/or man‐made causes have not been evaluated. In this study, eight native fish species, in a representative reach of the Biobío River, were studied and their preferred habitats were surveyed and characterized. A hydrodynamic model was built and linked to the fish habitat simulation model CASiMiR. Fuzzy rules and fuzzy sets were developed for describing habitat preference of the native fish species. CASiMiR was then used to simulate how physical habitat conditions vary due to flow control (i.e. upstream dams). Results show how overall habitat quality, expressed as weighted usable area (WUA) and hydraulic habitat suitability (HHS), changes and fluctuates due to the dam operation and how the daily hydropeaking is influencing quantity, quality and location of different habitats. The study suggests that the analysed fish are highly susceptible to flow control, as dams are currently operated, and fish habitat improvement suggestions are proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑水河流域生态系统完整性评价

为评估黑水河流域受人为干扰的实际情况,依托流域范围内的基础地理、生物多样性、环境数据、其他威胁等调查资料,构建包含水文情势、水质、连通性、栖息地、生物群落5项关键属性的淡水生态系统完整性评价指标体系。通过变化范围法RVA、综合连通系数、栖息地比例相似PSI指数、入侵指标和捕捞指标等对黑水河流域生态系统完整性进行评价,黑水河流域水文情况属性现状为差、连通性属性现状为差、栖息地属性现状为差、生物群落属性现状为一般;河流水质现状较优,但黑水河支流存在一定富营养化风险,评估为一般。结果表明：流域生态系统完整性评价指标体系,应围绕淡水生态系统五大关键生态属性,并结合流域生态特征及生态现状来确定;RVA、综合连通系数、PSI 指数等的综合运用能够科学地确定指标阈值,进而正确进行流域生态完整性评价;受不同流域鱼类生态学习性差异等因素影响,还需通过长期监测不断完善评价理论和方法。     

淮河流域环境流变化及其对洪泽湖鱼类栖息地的生态影响

为分析淮河流域环境流要素的变化趋势及其对洪泽湖鱼类栖息地的生态影响,以淮河中下游河段为研究区,采用IHA法,将蚌埠水文站1950—2015年径流序列划分为2002年蚌埠闸扩建前后两个时期,采用5种流量事件筛选出32种环境流评价指标,分析了水文变异条件下5种环境事件的生态效应;以鳜鱼为洪泽湖指示鱼类,综合考虑栖息地限制因子,运用PHABSIM模型得到栖息地加权可利用面积-流量曲线,计算了鳜鱼产卵期的生态流量。结果表明:淮河中下游环境流组成趋于单一化,大洪水事件减少,枯水流量增大,高脉冲流量持续时间缩短,出现次数增加,对下游生态环境不利;洪泽湖鳜鱼4—6月产卵期的最小生态流量为300 m~3/s,适宜生态流量为550 m~3/s;需合理调控环境流,增加鱼类补充和物质循环,并采取湖泊生态修复等措施,维持洪泽湖的生态平衡。     

Predicted Native Fish Response,Potential Rewards and Risks from Flow Alteration in a New Mexico Arid Mountain Stream

Water and natural resource managers are concerned with evaluating how fish habitat and populations may respond to water diversions and small‐scale flow augmentations. We used two‐dimensional hydraulic models, habitat suitability curves and an individual‐based population viability model to assess whether flow augmentations of about 0.28–0.57 m³/s would create suitable habitat for federally listed native fish loach minnow Rhinichthys cobitis and spikedace Meda fulgida in a reach of the Gila River, New Mexico, and then examined how fish population viability may change under a variety of colonization and extinction scenarios. These simulations help to inform water management decisions in a reach of the Gila River where river diversions currently exist and new diversions and augmentations are being proposed. Our results suggest that the flow augmentations evaluated will result in small changes (on average across life stages, ?0.22% to 4.06%) in suitable habitat for loach minnow and spikedace depending on augmentation scenario and fish life stage. While these percent changes are small, they would result in a reduction in the dewatering of the river channel in a river reach where native fish abundance is thought to be low. Actual native fish responses to these habitat changes are unknown; however, these flow augmentations could potentially allow these native species to re‐colonize this river segment from upstream or downstream sources increasing species distribution and likely population viability. Maintaining viable populations of native fish in this river reach is dependent on complex factors including persistence of suitable habitat for multiple life stages, connectivity with other populations and minimizing risk of invasion from non‐native species. We recommend that these predictions from the habitat and population models be tested and verified in an adaptive management framework linking modelling, experimental management, monitoring and reassessment to inform water management decisions in the Gila River. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于鱼类栖息地需求的雅鲁藏布江中游环境流量计算

针对水利工程影响下,河道下游天然水文情势改变造成鱼类产卵场面积减小和质量降低等潜在生态问题,通过数值模拟与统计建立拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期栖息地适宜度模型,采用栖息地模拟法计算了雅鲁藏布江中游藏木水电站坝下米林—尼洋河汇口处38.9 km河段的环境流量。结果表明:拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期适宜水深为0.7～1.0 m,适宜流速为0.4～0.6 m/s;研究河段内拉萨裸裂尻鱼产卵期环境流量为432 m~3/s。     

Assessing habitat for lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) reintroduction to the Maumee River,Ohio using habitat suitability index models

Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) were a candidate for reintroduction in the Maumee River, Ohio, where they were historically abundant, but are now functionally extirpated. Our objective was to determine if current habitat quality and quantity could support reintroduction efforts. We developed a spatially explicit habitat suitability index model for two lake sturgeon life stages: spawning adult and age-0 fish. To estimate habitat quality, substrate, water depth, and water velocity were assessed and integrated into suitability index values to delineate good, moderate, and poor areas for each life stage. Each habitat characteristic was mapped and combined to provide an overall assessment of habitat suitability, quantity, and location. Model results indicated 208 ha (10.2% of all habitat) of good adult spawning habitat (e.g., coarse substrates, depths between 0.3 and 8 m, and velocity between 0.5 and 1 m/s) and 529 ha (28.2% of all habitat) of good age-0 habitat (e.g., fine substrates, depths between 0.2 and 6 m, and velocity between 0.1 and 0.7 m/s). Good age-0 habitat was located mostly downstream of good spawning habitat, which will provide nursery areas for age-0 fish after hatch. Our models suggested habitat is not limiting for lake sturgeon and efforts to reintroduce this species into the Maumee River, and for the first time in the Lake Erie basin, were supported. The results of this work supported reintroduction efforts that began in 2018.     

Evaluation of fish habitat suitability using a coupled ecohydraulic model: Habitat model selection and prediction

The selection of an approach to evaluate habitat suitability for a specific fish or life stage has been a matter of concern in habitat quality modelling studies. This study has taken Jinshaia sinensis, a commercially valuable fish endemic to the Jinsha River, China, as the target fish species. One‐ and two‐dimensional hydrodynamic models were coupled and combined with fish habitat models for a middle reach of the Jinsha River. The resulting ecohydraulic model was used to predict the changes in hydrodynamics and spawning habitat suitability that resulted from the operation of an under‐construction reservoir downstream of the study area. The preference function (product, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and minimum value) and fuzzy logic habitat evaluation methods were compared to predict the spawning habitat suitability of the fish. The model was validated using the numbers of spawning eggs, and the results show that both the arithmetic mean and fuzzy logic method can be used to predict spawning habitat suitability. The model predictions show that the hydrodynamics of the study area would be altered if the impoundment water level exceeded 969 m. During the spawning season, the spawning habitat suitability would increase from April to early June and has little change from early June to July under the impact of the reservoir impoundment. The optimal river discharge rate for fish spawning is ~3,500 m³/s, and this would not change after the reservoir begins operation. This research can benefit other regions that will be affected by planned dams by predicting the impacts of reservoir operation on fish habitat quality, and the results will help decision makers protect the health of rivers and the overall ecosystem.     

Habitat suitability modeling of a conservation-significant fish species of the Kosi River,Uttarakhand, India

Water quality plays a vital role in the sustenance of aquatic life, including fish. Therefore, an inclusive understanding of water quality parameters can be considered an essential step in framing the conservation and management strategy of an aquatic ecosystem. This study examines the habitat suitability of a conservation-significant fish, the Tor putitora, and two associated fishes, the Labeo dyocheilus and the Garra gotyla, in relation to the water quality parameters of the Kosi River. Four crucial water quality parameters, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and pH, were included in the QUAL2K modeling. Furthermore, hydrological processes were modeled using the soil and water assessment tool, and flow was used as an input in the QUAL2K model. The simulated water quality was correlated with fish habitat and analyzed through the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). Results suggested that the habitats of the Kosi were more suitable in the post-monsoon rather than pre-monsoon. Tor putitora, the flagship species of the Kosi, preferred the river habitats with a lower water temperature and higher dissolved oxygen for spawning. Thus, we recommend securing such habitats and managing them in collaboration with local communities for the long-term conservation of this endangered Himalayan species.