基于鱼类生境需求的生态流量过程研究

选用日涨水率和日落水率两个生态水文因子,构建裂腹鱼栖息地生态水文学特征指标。结果表明,产卵期日涨水率的适宜范围为0.005~0.015,日落水率的适宜范围为0.005~0.015;非产卵期(5~10月)日涨水率的适宜范围为0.01~0.05,日落水率的适宜范围为0.02~0.04。采用文献法和专家法得出裂腹鱼产卵期偏好水深范围为0.5~1.5 m、偏好流速范围为0.5~2.0 m/s。用不同方法计算了苏洼龙水电站坝下河段生态需水量,并结合金沙江上游天然河流的水文情势及裂腹鱼栖息地生态水文学特征,以生态水力学法的计算结果作为基流量,确定了苏洼龙水电站坝下河段的生态流量过程。     

长江中游典型河段底栖动物的物理栖息地模型构建与应用

考虑水生生物生境需求的物理栖息地模型被认为是评估河流流量变化对水生态系统影响的最可信的方法之一。本研究选取长江干流含有河漫滩的监利江段为实例,建立底栖动物各类群的物理栖息地模型,计算变化流量下栖息地适宜面积的时间序列,并据此进行生态流量决策。结果显示长江中游底栖动物最敏感的环境参数是流速,适宜范围为0～0.2 m/s;其次是水深,适宜范围为0～6 m。在考虑敏感环境参数的前提下,得出监利江段底栖动物的最佳生态流量为20 000 m3/s。三峡大坝蓄水后枯水期和平水期底栖动物适宜面积的低值部分减小,丰水期适宜面积增加。为了保护底栖动物栖息地,建议三峡大坝在防洪蓄水的同时能兼顾底栖动物的生态流量需求,调节枯水期和平水期的流量,让监利江段接近4000 m3/s,丰水期接近20 000 m3/s。在枯水年增大枯水期和平水期的流量,平水年增大枯水期的流量,丰水年减少丰水期的流量。本研究方法可以供长江其他河段目标物种的生态流量决策和生态修复方案设计参考。     

基于四大家鱼栖息地模拟的汉江下游生态流量研究

梯级水库运行显著改变了河流自然水文情势,对河流水生态系统产生不利影响。选择四大家鱼作为汉江下游的指示物种,考虑四大家鱼对栖息地流速和水深的喜好性,构建了产卵期和生长期适宜度指数曲线,采用River 2D水动力模型,模拟了不同流量下四大家鱼适宜栖息地状况的变化,提出维持四大家鱼产卵期与生长期需求的生态流量及高流量脉冲。结果表明：汉江下游四大家鱼产卵期最小和适宜生态流量分别为1 310,3 520 m³/s,每年提供至少2次持续时间不低于3 d、流量不低于1 310 m³/s的高流量脉冲,以刺激四大家鱼自然产卵,增加产卵规模;生长期最小和适宜生态流量分别为441,1 520 m³/s。与Tennant法和实际生态监测对比,River 2D水动力模型计算结果较为合理可靠。但与历史实测流量过程比较,产卵期生态流量满足率不高,需择机实施汉江中下游梯级水利枢纽联合生态调度,提高生态流量满足程度。     

基于物理栖息地模拟的长江中游生态流量研究

将Delft3D水力学模型和栖息地模型组成物理栖息地模拟模型以研究鱼类的生态环境。以长江中游宜昌至枝江河段为研究区域,以长江的重要经济鱼类四大家鱼为目标物种,结合流速及水深两个栖息地限制因子计算研究区域内不同流量下四大家鱼4个产卵场的栖息地面积,得到了流量与栖息地面积关系曲线。分析该曲线,结果表明：长江中游四大家鱼4—6月份产卵期间的最小生态流量为4 570m3/s,适宜生态流量范围为12 000~15 500m3/s。计算结果在传统水文学法界定的生态流量范围之内,分析认为该计算结果更加合理,可为四大家鱼的保护和三峡及葛洲坝工程的生态调度提供参考建议。     

基于物理栖息地模拟的长江中游生态流量研究

利用Delft3D水力学模型和栖息地模型组成物理栖息地模拟模型，以长江中游宜昌至枝江河段为研究区域，以长江的重要经济鱼类四大家鱼为目标物种，结合流速及水深两个栖息地限制因子推求研究区域内不同流量下四大家鱼四个产卵场的栖息地面积。研究结果表明：长江中游四大家鱼4—6月份产卵期间的最小生态流量为4570m3/s，适宜生态流量范围为12000~15500m3/s。计算结果在传统水文学法界定的生态流量范围之内，而且比传统水文学法的计算结果更加合理，可为四大家鱼的保护和三峡及葛洲坝工程的生态调度提供参考建议。     

淮河流域环境流变化及其对洪泽湖鱼类栖息地的生态影响

为分析淮河流域环境流要素的变化趋势及其对洪泽湖鱼类栖息地的生态影响,以淮河中下游河段为研究区,采用IHA法,将蚌埠水文站1950—2015年径流序列划分为2002年蚌埠闸扩建前后两个时期,采用5种流量事件筛选出32种环境流评价指标,分析了水文变异条件下5种环境事件的生态效应;以鳜鱼为洪泽湖指示鱼类,综合考虑栖息地限制因子,运用PHABSIM模型得到栖息地加权可利用面积-流量曲线,计算了鳜鱼产卵期的生态流量。结果表明:淮河中下游环境流组成趋于单一化,大洪水事件减少,枯水流量增大,高脉冲流量持续时间缩短,出现次数增加,对下游生态环境不利;洪泽湖鳜鱼4—6月产卵期的最小生态流量为300 m~3/s,适宜生态流量为550 m~3/s;需合理调控环境流,增加鱼类补充和物质循环,并采取湖泊生态修复等措施,维持洪泽湖的生态平衡。     

四大家鱼产卵栖息地适宜度与大坝泄流相关性分析

为探究三峡—葛洲坝水库联合调度运行后,长江四大家鱼对不同大坝泄流工况下产卵栖息地水动力环境的适宜性,在构建长江四大家鱼主要产卵栖息地水动力数学模型及产卵栖息地适宜度评价模型基础上,针对大坝不同运行参数进行大坝泄流方式与四大家鱼产卵栖息地适宜度相关性分析。结果表明,大坝泄流量为10 000~15 000 m~3/s时,四大家鱼产卵栖息地具有较高的适宜度;在流量基数为10 000~15 000 m~3/s,日均流量增长率为1 000~1 500 m~3/s时,四大家鱼产卵栖息地同样有较高的产卵栖息适宜度。研究结果可为构建考虑家鱼自然繁殖的水库生态调度方式提供参考。     

滇中引水工程取水口下游金沙江生态流量研究

对拟建滇中引水工程大同取水口下游至虎跳峡前的43.5 km金沙江研究河段,采用流量历时曲线法和栖息地模拟法分别进行生态流量研究。栖息地模拟法选用目标鱼类长丝裂腹鱼,结合水动力学数值模拟与栖息地模型结合的方法,利用MIKE21建立研究河段的平面二维浅水水动力学模型。按长丝裂腹鱼对水深、流速的适宜度标准确定不同流量下的栖息地加权可利用面积(WUA),得到栖息地面积WUA随流量的变化趋势,最终确定目标鱼类产卵繁殖期适宜的生态流量值。比较2种方法的研究结果,取其中最大值作为最终生态流量值。     

拉萨裸裂尻鱼对光照颜色和强度的选择

通过自制的环形水槽研究了在不同底质和水流综合影响下拉萨裸裂尻鱼对光色和光强的偏好。结果显示，在动水有无底质条件下，拉萨裸裂尻鱼均偏好于蓝光或深蓝光(471.20～479.80 nm),次亮光(51.00 EV和62.10 EV);在静水有底质条件下主要偏好于暗光(43.70 EV),在无底质条件下偏好于次亮光(62.10 EV)。研究结果可为高原过鱼设施进口光照诱集鱼技术应用提供基础数据。     

中华鲟产卵栖息地的生态需水量研究

分析了葛洲坝坝下中华鲟产卵场近20年的水文资料和实测的产卵场地形和水力数据，用Tennant法通过历史水文资料计算得到了不同栖息地状况下的生态需水量范围，其中最佳范围为7800~13000 m3/s；采用IFIM法将中华鲟对栖息地流速、水深、底质的喜好性纳入考虑, 并利用地理信息系统技术结合中华鲟产卵场水动力模拟结果计算了不同流量边界条件下的适宜栖息地面积，并得到中华鲟产卵时生态需水量范围为5000~15000m3/s, 随后利用各年实测的中华鲟产卵日的流量数据验证了该结果的正确性；同时还得出当流量入口为葛洲坝大江电厂和二江电厂时，产卵场适宜栖息地面积比其它几种入口工况的大；且同流量下基于1999年地形得出的适宜栖息地面积远大于基于2003年地形得出的适宜栖息地面积。     

水文变异下淮河长吻鮠生境变化与适宜流量组合推荐

以淮河干流鱼类长吻鮠为保护目标,建立长吻鮠分时期生态需求与流量之间的概念性模型。对FLOWS法进行改进,加入水文变异前后长吻鮠生态环境对比分析,根据分析结果推荐一组适于长吻鮠生长繁殖的流量组合。结果表明,在环境流量成分的对比分析中,变异前的高脉冲流量历时长、发生时间合适,变异后发生洪水的频率增高,变异前的流量更适于长吻鮠的生长繁殖;在相关水力参数满足程度的对比分析中,在长吻鮠生长繁殖的各个时期,变异前的流量条件均优于变异后。选取变异前的平水年1970年的流量作为基础,推荐适宜流量组合,即产卵期的流量为545~1 212m~3/s,幼鱼索饵期应大于1 750 m~3/s,越冬期应大于等于74 m~3/s。该研究可为保护淮河珍稀物种,为淮河生态调度提供依据。     

Flow and spawning habitat relationships for Dolly Varden: Understanding habitat–population dynamics in the Canadian Western Arctic

Northern form Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma malma) have been designated as a species of Special Concern in Canada due to declines in population abundance and potential threats. Concern over detrimental effects of low flows on population abundance prompted research on how variability in discharge regimes influence habitat availability. Habitat suitability indices for prespawning and spawning adult anadromous Dolly Varden from two streams were integrated into a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic habitat model to assess the effect of flow variability on usable habitat. Regional hydrographs were used to identify an ecologically relevant range of flows that provided optimal spawning habitat for these populations and examine the relationship between abundance and discharge. Adults spawned in the tail end of pools at moderate water depths and water velocities, and used pebble‐ to cobble‐sized substrate for building redds; whereas, prespawning adults occupied deeper pools with moderate velocities and used cobble for cover. Model outputs showed that spawning habitat availability was optimized at flow rates between 1.6 and 3.0 m³/s and between 1.0 and 6.0 m³/s in Fish Hole Creek (FHC) and Little Fish Creek, respectively. A positive relationship between flows during the fall spawning period and abundance of the FHC population suggests that higher flows coinciding with optimal habitat availability may have contributed to positive recruitment. To strengthen and refine this habitat–population relationship for Dolly Varden in this area requires investigation of a broader suite of variables associated with environmental regimes and physical habitat in reaches used for spawning.     

面向河流生态完整性的黄河下游生态需水过程研究

提供适宜的生态流量对维护河流健康和支撑人类社会发展具有重要意义。尽管栖息地模拟法物理机制清晰、应用广泛,但对生物群落考虑不足、生命节律信号缺失等问题长期存在。以维护河流土著生物群落完整性为目标,本文将天然水文情势作为参照系统,结合栖息地模拟与水文参照系统特征值,建立了一种面向河流生态完整性的生态需水过程评估方法,兼顾指示物种生存繁衍和土著生物群落基本生存。黄河下游利津断面评估结果显示:利津断面年最小生态需水量119亿m~3,适宜生态需水量130～137亿m~3,涨水期需提供1～2次持续时间不低于7 d、流量不低于1220 m~3/s的高流量脉冲。对比历史实测流量过程与本文生态需水成果,发现利津断面水量充足,但流量过程不满足生态需求。黄河需加强水库群调度,协调径流年际和年内分布,塑造适宜的生态流量过程,并适时塑造高流量脉冲。     

楠溪江干流香鱼栖息地水生态调查分析

香鱼是楠溪江较为名贵且对环境敏感的一种鱼类,由于人类活动影响,香鱼栖息地遭到破坏,导致香鱼数量急剧减少。为进一步开展楠溪江香鱼栖息地的水生态保护与修复工作,本文对楠溪江香鱼栖息地水质及着生藻类进行了现场调查与分析,结果表明:香鱼产卵期的产卵场及育肥期的育肥场水质相对较好,能为香鱼的产卵、育肥提供较好的水质环境;上溯期的中游产卵场河段及下游感潮河段水质均较差,不利于香鱼从下游河段向育肥场迁移。产卵场和育肥场着生藻类生物量丰富,以硅藻为主,有利于香鱼的产卵和育肥。为促进楠溪江香鱼栖息地的保护与修复,针对楠溪江下游感潮河段开展水环境综合治理工作,提出了重点关注TN的削减的建议。     

Quantitative evaluation of fish alternative habitats in the Luosuo RiverEI北大核心CSCD

针对罗梭江替代生境适宜度及影响因素尚缺乏定量分析的问题,选取澜沧江干流特有经济鱼类中国结鱼(Tor sinensis)为目标物种,基于河流内流量增加法(IFIM),结合二维水动力模型和鱼类栖息地适宜性曲线,建立了罗梭江典型鱼类的栖息地评价模型,分析了替代生境适宜度及其影响因子。结果表明:罗梭江作为澜沧江最大支流,能为中国结鱼提供良好产卵场,产卵场在丰水期(7—9月)数量和质量较优,高质量产卵场主要分布于河流蜿蜒处;罗梭江不适宜成鱼全年栖息,尤其在枯水期(2—4月),成鱼产卵及育肥适宜度最差。在罗梭江替代生境后期管理中,建议优先加强对河流弯道处的生境保护及捕捞管理,同时重视其关联干流的生态保护。     

基于黄河鲤栖息地水文-生态响应关系的黄河下游生态流量研究

本研究采用野外生物监测、栖息地同步观测和实验室控制实验等技术手段,应用生物学、鱼类生态学、生态水力学、水文学等多学科理论,基于河流栖息地模拟法,研究了黄河下游指示物种黄河鲤生态学特性及其栖息生境与流速、水深、水温等水文水环境因子之间的关系,将径流条件与目标物种不同生长阶段生物学信息相结合,建立了代表物种繁殖期、越冬期栖息地适宜度指数,构建了黄河下游重点河段河流栖息地模型,建立了指示物种栖息地状况与河川径流条件定量响应关系,提出黄河下游花园口和利津断面繁殖期最小生态流量为300 m³/s和100 m³/s、适宜生态流量为600~700 m³/s和190~250 m³/s。该研究在水生生物习性及其与河川径流响应关系方面实现突破,解决了黄河生态需水研究中关键技术问题。     

Evaluation of fish habitat suitability using a coupled ecohydraulic model: Habitat model selection and prediction

The selection of an approach to evaluate habitat suitability for a specific fish or life stage has been a matter of concern in habitat quality modelling studies. This study has taken Jinshaia sinensis, a commercially valuable fish endemic to the Jinsha River, China, as the target fish species. One‐ and two‐dimensional hydrodynamic models were coupled and combined with fish habitat models for a middle reach of the Jinsha River. The resulting ecohydraulic model was used to predict the changes in hydrodynamics and spawning habitat suitability that resulted from the operation of an under‐construction reservoir downstream of the study area. The preference function (product, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and minimum value) and fuzzy logic habitat evaluation methods were compared to predict the spawning habitat suitability of the fish. The model was validated using the numbers of spawning eggs, and the results show that both the arithmetic mean and fuzzy logic method can be used to predict spawning habitat suitability. The model predictions show that the hydrodynamics of the study area would be altered if the impoundment water level exceeded 969 m. During the spawning season, the spawning habitat suitability would increase from April to early June and has little change from early June to July under the impact of the reservoir impoundment. The optimal river discharge rate for fish spawning is ~3,500 m³/s, and this would not change after the reservoir begins operation. This research can benefit other regions that will be affected by planned dams by predicting the impacts of reservoir operation on fish habitat quality, and the results will help decision makers protect the health of rivers and the overall ecosystem.     

Juvenile Salmonid Utilization of Floodplain Rearing Habitat After Gravel Augmentation in a Regulated River

Gravel augmentation is used in sediment‐starved streams to improve salmonid spawning habitat. As gravel is added to river channels, water surface elevations may rise in adjacent areas, activating floodplain habitat at lower flows, and floodplains inundate more frequently, potentially affecting the quantity and quality of juvenile salmonid rearing habitat. We analysed 5 years of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss data from snorkel surveys before and after gravel augmentation in the Lower American River, a low‐gradient, highly regulated alluvial river in California's Central Valley. We measured the quality and quantity of rearing habitat (current velocity and areal extent of inundated riparian vegetation) following gravel placement and tested whether these factors affected juvenile abundance. Gravel augmentation increased floodplain extent by 3.7–19.8%, decreased average flow velocity from 1.6 to 0.3 m s^?1 and increased the amount of vegetative cover from 0.3% to 22.6%. Juvenile abundances increased significantly for both species following augmentation. However, the strength of the relationship between abundance and habitat variables was greater for smaller salmonids. These results suggest that, in addition to enhancing salmonid spawning habitat, gravel augmentation can improve rearing habitat where channel incision and/or regulated hydrographs disconnect floodplains from main river channels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.